2. Persuasive Writing The ins and outs The details The plan

3. * Please get out a piece of paper to take NOTES

4. 3 The thesis sentence tells the reader what the entire essay is about, a map of your essay.

5. Presents your opinions or thoughts on a subject or issue. You can’t write an essay without one. Answers the topic question (either created by you or given to you in a prompt)

6. Contain the phrases: I believe, I think, In my opinion, Yes Contain the words : maybe, might, perhaps ALL OF THESE WORDS MAKE IT SEEM THAT YOU ARE NOT SURE OF YOUR OPINION. USE ACTION VERBS!

7. 6 It is usually the first or the last sentence of the first paragraph. It is the most important sentence of your entire essay. It explains what you are writing about and/or what you are going to prove. In one sentence you must include your position (what you are going to talk about) and reasons. (But most importantly, it is the first thing that the reader will look for in your essay. If you have a good thesis, you will no doubt make a favorable impression on the reader.)

8. Good Example: Success is a result of doing the right things consistently. Bad Example: In a world full of success gurus and books about success, it becomes ever so more important to delineate the one trait that ultimately determines success: doing the right things consistently

9. Good Example: The key to successful dieting is focusing on one specific goal. Bad Example: The key to successful dieting is focusing on a specific goal, which is also the key to successfully running a business and coaching a football team

10. Good Example: The key to successful dieting is focusing on one specific goal. Bad Example: The key to successful dieting is focusing on a specific goal, which is also the key to successfully running a business and coaching a football team

11. Good Example: Lebron James' ability to score, pass, and rebound make him the league's most valuable player. Bad Example: Does Lebron James' ability to score, pass, and rebound make him the league's most valuable player? Bad Example: Lebron James' ability to score, pass, and rebound just might make him the league's most valuable player.

12. 11 I strongly believe that smoking should be banned in public places because smoke pollutes the environment, contaminates our lungs, and smells terrible. Note: Thesis is one sentence composed of two parts. On your EOC, 1 st person is allowed still you want to limit the use of ‘bad’ thesis words

13. Have you answered the question or merely restated it? Have you tried to argue both sides of the case? It is important to acknowledge both sides, even if you have chosen one side to agree with.

14. Rhetoric The persuasive power of words was discussed by Aristotle around 350 BC. He presented an analysis of rhetorical strategies, which included three elements: logos, pathos and ethos:

15. Logos An attempt to persuade the audience (or reader) through sound reasoning. Reliable evidence, e.g. facts, definitions, statistics and other data that appeals to the logic and intelligence of the audience.

16. Pathos An appeal to the emotions of the reader or audience. Attempt to induce a particular state of mind in e.g. anger, understanding, sympathy, tolerance Taps into the sentiment or feelings of the audience or readership.

17. Ethos Appeal of the speaker or writer in terms of his / her credibility and experience Presents, directly or indirectly, a profile that sets a stamp of authority on the words used to persuade.

18. Aristotle’s model of persuasion Patho s Ethos Logos

19. Persuasive Writing can be used to… Purpose Support a cause Urge people to action Make a change Prove something wrong Persuasive Statement “Please support my football team by buying discount coupons.” “Vote for Sarah!” “The principal should let us wear hats.” “Cell phones don’t cause brain cancer.”

20. Persuasive Writing can be used to… Purpose Stir up sympathy Create interest Get people to agree with you Persuasive Statement “If you don’t adopt this dog, it could have to live in a shelter.” “Better grades get you a better job and more money.” “I am sure you’ll agree that Milky Way is the best candy bar.”

21. Persuasive writing follows a certain format: INTRODUCTION with a “hook” and thesis statement BODY where the argument is explained CONCLUSION where main points are summarized and reviewed and the reader is left with something to think about.

22. First…Know Your Audience… Before you start writing, you should know your audience: – Who will read your writing? Who do you need to convince? – The audience may be your friends, your teacher, your parents, your principal, the readers of a newspaper or the President of the United States! – Will you be graded? On What? – Should you be casual or professional?

24. Using APES to Write Short Answer Responses Writing Workshop 1

25. What is APES? 0 APES is an acronym that will help you remember the steps to writing a solid Short Answer Response on the STAAR test and in the classroom. 0 Think of APES as a checklist that you can use whenever you are answering a question based on a reading from class. 0 From now on, all of your written responses will need to be in APES format.

26. A is for… 0 Answer the question. 0 This is the first sentence of your response. 0 Here, you rephrase the question into a complete sentence. 0 Never start an answer with the following statements: 0 “I think…” 0 “Yes, because…” or “No, because…” 0 “In my opinion…”

27. A is for… 0 This is the most important step in answering any question based on the text. 0 According to the rubric for the Short Answer Responses, if you do not answer the question, you will earn an automatic score of zero out of a possible four. 0 For example, if the question asks why Helios is angry with Odysseus’ men, and your answer is about his threatening to take the sun to the Underworld, then you didn’t answer the question. This is an automatic grade of zero.

28. P is for… 0 Proof! You can’t make a statement about a text without providing proof to back up your argument. 0 Relate this to lawyers in the courtroom. They can’t just say, “Justin stole the clothes from the store!” They have to provide PROOF to PROVE that Justin stole the clothes. 0 When writing about texts, your proof comes in the form of textual evidence (quotes from the text).

29. Embedding Quotes (P is for…) 0 Please remember that your quote MUST relate to your answer. You can’t chose a quote that has NOTHING to do with what you are writing about. Keep this in mind: your QUOTE is your PROOF about your ANSWER to the question. 0 Poor quote = poor proof = question unanswered = failing score

30. E is for 0 Explanation. 0 In a sentence or two, you will explain how your quote relates to your answer. 0 Remember that your quote must always relate to your answer, the first line in your response.

31. E is for… 0 This is one of the harder parts of the writing process because it requires you to really think about what you are going to say about the answer. 0 To help you get started, you can use transition words to start off your sentence. 0 Example: “Helios is upset because Odysseus’ men ate his cattle. In a fiery rampage on Mount Olympus, Helios threatens to take the sun to ‘light the dead men in the Underworld’ if Zeus does not punish Odysseus’ men for slaughtering his ‘peaceful kine.” Zeus understands that he cannot allow Helios to take the sun to the Underworld. Consequently, he assuages Helios’ grief by killing Odysseus’ men.

32. S is for… 0 Special Closing Statement. 0 This is the last one or two sentences of your answer. 0 Wrap up your thoughts and claims that you made in your answer. 0 Your goal with the S part of APES is to wrap up all of your ideas into a nice little package of coherent thought. 0 If you get really stuck, you can use a new transitional word or phrase such as “As a result…” or “What this shows…”

33. S is for… 0 WATCH OUT for these closing statement traps: 0 Do not use “In conclusion…” 0 Do not repeat word-for- word what you have already said. 0 Don’t bring up a new idea that you haven’t already addressed.

34. TIPS for using APES 0 “Yes” and “No” answers are not acceptable. Do not start any of your answers with “yes” or “no.” 0 Remember that you are starting your response with an answer to the question.

35. TIPS for using APES 0 Don’t use first person pronouns (I, me, we, us…). 0 To be honest, the questions are not asking about you at all. I don’t want to know anything about you! I want to know about the text! 0 Stay text focused.

36. TIPS for using APES 0 Whatever you do, make sure you at least do the following: 0 Answer the question. 0 Provide proof (textual evidence). 0 Explain your proof in relation to your answer. 0 Sum it all up.

37. Persuasive Writing Persuasive writing is writing that tries to convince a reader to do something or to believe what you believe about a certain topic. It takes a position for or against something.

38. Persuasive writing follows a certain format: INTRODUCTION with a “hook” and thesis statement BODY where the argument is explained CONCLUSION where main points are summarized and reviewed and the reader is left with something to think about.

39. Just the Facts for Persuasive Compositions Argument: - the writer’s presentation of reasons and evidence to prove the validity of the thesis

40. FIRST… Pick a side! The writer must clearly state his/her position and stay with that position. Pick a side! Generally, the position is stated in the opening paragraph or introduction.

41. In order to convince the reader you need more than just an opinion; you need facts or examples to back your opinion. So, be sure to do the research! Do Your Research… Walsh Publishing Co. 2009

42. Just the Facts for Persuasive Compositions Counterargument: -the writer’s acknowledgement that other people may not share the same opinion

43. Organization The persuasive composition has a specific organizational pattern: Thesis – Argument – Counterargument – Rebuttal – Conclusion

44. MAKE A PLAN, then write! The Essay: 1. Introduction/Hook/Thesis 2. Argument 1 with support 3. Argument 2 with support 4. Show the counter-argument and make an argument against it 5. Conclusion – What and who do you want to do and what.

45. DOS and DON’Ts of Persuasive Writing: Do: Plan – 26 lines – use them and start with a draft Have a thesis statement in your introduction Come up with 3 main points to support your argument Show the “counter - argument” and have an answer for them Have a conclusion that has a “clincher statement” Don’t : Don’t begin with “Hello my name is___ and I’m going to write about____” Don’t use the word “I “ (Instead of “I think we shouldn’t wear uniforms” say “Uniforms shouldn’t be required.” Don’t be wishy-washy. Pick a side! Don’t forget to support your opinions with facts and examples

46. Next: Creating a Thesis Statement A thesis statement is one sentence at the end of your introduction that states your opinion. It needs to be strong. First, choose 3 main focus points to discuss in your essay. These points will become the focus of three paragraphs in the body of your paper. Let’s use fast food as an example again. Fast food…(3 Discussion Points) rapidly increases weight causes high blood pressure leads to sluggishness

47. Writing the Thesis Statement Now take your three main focus points and summarize them. Put your completed thesis statement at the end of your first paragraph. THREE MAIN FOCUS POINTS I believe fast food is harmful because it rapidly increases weight, causes high blood pressure, and leads to lethargy. COMPLETED THESIS STATEMENT I believe fast food has negative health effects.

48. Our Introductory Paragraph: Fast Food Is Killing America! Did you know that a typical child needs 2,000 calories for an entire day and Burger King’s Whopper with triple cheese has 1,230 calories? That is far more calories than anyone needs in one day! Fast food consumption has risen 500 percent since 1970 and today reaches nearly every part of society, including some public school cafeterias. Fast food is harmful because it rapidly increases weight, causes high blood pressure, and leads to sluggishness. Fast food is bad for your health! CATCHY TITLE HOOK THE READER THESIS STATEMENT YOUR THREE ARGUMENTS Walsh Publishing Co. 2009

49. Three Supporting Paragraphs: Use each of the main arguments you used in your introductory paragraph and expand on each giving facts and reasons. In our example, you would write one paragraph on how fast food increases weight, one paragraph on how it causes high blood pressure and one on how it leads to sluggishness. Walsh Publishing Co. 2009

50. Transitions for rebuttal: However, On the other hand, Nevertheless, Conversely, Yet, Still,

51. You’ll Need to Show “The Other Side…” How many of you have been in a discussion with someone and you remember saying, “Yeah, that’s true, but…” This is called a counter-argument. It’s the “other side” of the argument. You’ll need to tell your reader what the counter- argument is and prove why it shouldn’t matter. Let’s take a look using our example of fast food…

52. Three Supporting Paragraphs: Use each of the main arguments you used in your introductory paragraph and expand on each giving facts and reasons. In our example, you would write one paragraph on how fast food increases weight, one paragraph on how it causes high blood pressure and one on how it leads to sluggishness. Walsh Publishing Co. 2009

53. Strategies for Conclusions Call to Action – Ask the reader to do something or to make something happen “I challenge you to watch what you eat and to avoid fast food.” Provide a solution – Provide an answer to the problem “Fast food doesn’t have to be “bad food.” Make better choices like salads, fruit and low fat treats.” Make a Prediction – Explain what might be the consequences of action or inaction “If people continue to eat lots of fast food, they put their health at risk. If kids don’t make better choices today, they won’t grow into healthy adults.” Walsh Publishing Co. 2009

54. Concluding Paragraph: Restate your thesis. End with… – A comment (Don’t make your body suffer!) – A question (Are you willing to risk your health?) – A call to action (I highly recommend you consider your options the next time your faced with a decision about what to eat.) In closing, it’s important to remember that too much fast food can have negative effects on your health. If not eaten in moderation, you can gain weight, suffer from high blood pressure and become slow and sluggish. Is it worth the risk to your body? Eat Healthy and Make good choices! Walsh Publishing Co. 2009

55. Don’t Forget… Create a draft first – do not write directly on to the test. Make sure to read over your work and edit for mechanics and spelling. Check for fragment sentences. Write neatly! Include detail and great vocabulary. Follow proper format Walsh Publishing Co. 2009 Every accomplishment starts with the decision to try!

56. Edit and Publish Your Final Draft Level Three __capital p.punctuation sp spelling /lowercase letter frag. sentence fragment RO run-on sentence n.c. not clear This is wrong ^word left out ‘a contraction awk. awkward w.c.word choice not parallel agr. subject/verb agreement t. verb tense

57. rules that define how words go together in a sentence to make it ‘correct’ or ‘grammatical’. Subjects and PredicatesSubjects and Predicates Content refers to the meaning of language. SentencesSentences Use refers to the social conventions of language. We also call this ‘pragmatics’.social Figurative language Comprehension and Vocabulary