2. SETTING THE STAGE: THREE CRUMBLING EMPIRES  Austria  Empire had many ethnic groups: Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians  Had lost control of northern Germanic states to Prussia  Declared Austria & Hungary to be separate states with Emperor Francis Joseph ruler of both. Became known as “Austria-Hungary” after that.  Struggling to maintain control of so many different groups

3. SETTING THE STAGE: THREE CRUMBLING EMPIRES  Austria  Empire had many ethnic groups: Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians  Had lost control of northern Germanic states to Prussia  Declared Austria & Hungary to be separate states with Emperor Francis Joseph ruler of both. Became known as “Austria-Hungary” after that.  Struggling to maintain control of so many different groups  Russia  Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, and others  Attempted a program of “Russification” which only made things worse.  Weakened the power of the Czars

5. SETTING THE STAGE: THREE CRUMBLING EMPIRES  Austria  Empire had many ethnic groups: Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians  Had lost control of northern Germanic states to Prussia  Declared Austria & Hungary to be separate states with Emperor Francis Joseph ruler of both. Became known as “Austria-Hungary” after that.  Struggling to maintain control of so many different groups  Ottoman Empire  Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians  Known as the “Sick Man of Europe.”  Perpetrated two genocides against the Armenians  Would be broken apart after WWI  Russia  Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, and others  Attempted a program of “Russification” which only made things worse.  Weakened the power of the Czars

7. TYPES OF NATIONALISTIC MOVEMENTS  There are several types of ways that nationalism presents itself.  We are going to look only at UNIFICATION in the cases of Italy and Germany.

9. ITALY FIGHTS TO BECOME UNIFIED

10. ITALIAN LEADERS OF UNIFICATION

12. ITALY FIGHTS TO BECOME UNIFIED

13. ITALY FIGHTS FOR UNIFICATION

14. GERMANY STRUGGLES TO BECOME A NATION  What would become Germany was bunch of small, independent states  Shared a common culture  Shared a common language  They began to focus more on what they had in common than on what was keeping them apart.

15. GERMANY STRUGGLES TO BECOME A NATION  In 1848, liberals in Prussia revolt against the monarch there  They were the middle class who wanted more say in the govt.  Were inspired by events in France  They are ultimately unsuccessful and the monarchy in Prussia holds on.  Prussia hold off democratic movements and begins its push for unification under their monarchy.

16. OTTO VON BISMARCK  Very conservative Prussian politician  Believed in German unification, but planned for it to happened under Prussian control, with the king of Prussia in charge  King Wilhelm I on the throne at this time.  Became Prussia’s Prime Minister in 1862.  Very strong and determined leader.

17. OTTO VON BISMARCK  In the early stages of his plan to unite Germany, he worked with Austria  However, he knew that Austria would have to be defeated.  Austria was their traditional rival for leadership of the German Confederation  Made deals with Italy and France to support Prussia if war with Austria were to occur (which, of course, it did.)  Austro-Prussian War  Lasted 7 weeks  United all but three of the southern German states

18. OTTO VON BISMARCK  Franco-Prussian War  Encouraged, by Bismarck, the southern German states not yet allied with Prussia get into a territorial conflict with France  Bismarck brings Prussian army in to support the German states.  Wins a quick victory  Also wins their support in his plan to unify Germany, which was the real goal in the first place.

19. GERMAN EMPIRE  German Unification  Representatives of the allied German states met at Versailles  Signing peace treaty with France  Also deciding on issues of unification of Germany  The representatives proclaimed Wilhelm I the first Kaiser, or emperor, of the German Empire.

20. GERMAN EMPIRE  German Unification  Wilhelm then appointed Bismarck as his first Chancellor – Basically same as prime minister.  Germany developed into a strong empire both in Europe and around the world  This period was known as the Second Reich, or “Second Empire,” because Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to have been the First Reich