1. Accelerating Global Change & Realignments 1900 - PRESENT CONTEMPORARY

2. SUMMARY The Contemporary Era basically breaks down into three categories: Science & the Environment Global Conflict Globalization

3. GEOGRAPHY

4. KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT Rapid advances in science altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to the development of new technologies This led to unprecedented population growth Which altered how humans interacted with the environment and threatened delicate ecological balances at local, regional, & global levels

5. KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world- assisted by the development of new technology New modes of communication & transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance

6. New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world Theory of Relativity Quantum Mechanics Psychology Big Bang Theory Theory of Relativity Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive Polio Vaccine Antibiotics The artificial heart KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT

7. Energy technologies raised productivity and increased the production of material goods Oil Nuclear power

8. KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT The Green Revolution produced food for the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically & genetically enhanced forms of agriculture Green Revolution = a set of research, development, & technology transfer initiatives between the 1930s & 60s that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the third world

9. KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment Exploited & competed over earth’s finite resources more intensely than ever before Global warming was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gasses & other pollutants into the atmosphere Pollution threatened the world’s supply of water & clean air Deforestation & desertification Rates of extinction of other species accelerated sharply

10. KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT Disease, scientific innovations, & conflict led to demographic shifts Diseases associated with poverty (Malaria, Cholera, Tuberculosis) persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics ( 1918 Flu, HIV/AIDS, Ebola) and threats to human survival Changing lifestyles (Diabetes, Heart Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease) & increased longevity led to higher incidents of certain diseases More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility & transformed sexual practices

11. KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT

12. Technology examples: Tanks Airplanes Atomic Bombs Hiroshima Tactics examples: Trench Warfare Firebombing Events: Nanjing Dresden Hiroshima KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & THE ENVIRONMENT Improved military technology & new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualties

13. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Beginning of the 20 th century a European-dominated global political order existed, which also included the U.S., Russia, & Japan Over the course of the century, peoples and states around the world challenged this order in ways that sought to redistribute power within the existing structure & restructure empires This manifests in an unprecedented level of conflict with high human casualties

14. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES In the context of these conflicts, many regimes in both older and newer states struggled with maintaining political stability and were challenged by internal and external factors, including ethnic and religious conflicts, secessionist movements, territorial partitions, economic dependency, and the legacies of colonialism.

15. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20 th century- but both land-based & trans-oceanic empires gave way to new forms of political organization by the century’s end

16. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Older land-based Ottoman, Russian, & Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal & external factors: Economic hardship Political & social discontent Technological stagnation Military defeat

17. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Some colonies negotiated their independence India from British Empire Gold Coast/Ghana from British Empire

18. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Some colonies achieved their independence through armed struggle Algeria & Vietnam from France Angola from the Portuguese Empire

19. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires & the restructuring of states Crash Course- Decolonization AP teachers expect decolonization to be a big focus of this year’s exam!

20. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Nationalist leaders in Asia & Africa challenged imperial rule Mohandas Gandhi Ho Chi Minh Kwame Nkrumah

21. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Regional, religious, & ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule & inherited imperial boundaries Muhammad Ali Jinnah The Quebecois separatist movement Biafra secessionist movement

22. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries Communism Pan-Africanism Pan-Arabism

23. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Movements to redistribute land & resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, & Latin America, sometimes advocating communism & socialism

24. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Political changes were accompanied by major demographic & social consequences

25. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Th e redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements India/Pakistan Partition Zionism Jewish settlement of Palestine Division of Middle East into mandates

26. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES The migration of former colonal subjects to imperial metropoles maintained the cultural & economic ties between the colony & the metropole even after the dissolution of empires South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the U.S. Metropole = the parent-state of a colony

27. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence Armenia Holocaust Rwanda Cambodia And the displacement of peoples in refugee populations Palestinians Darfurians

28. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale World War I & II were the first “total wars” Governments used ideologies (including fascism, nationalism, & communism) to mobilize all of their state’s resources including peoples, both in the home countries & the colonies or former colonies for the purposes of waging war Gurkha soliders in India, ANZAC troops in Australia Governments also used a variety of strategies (political speeches, art, media) & intensified forms of nationalism to mobilize these populations

29. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES The sources of global conflict in the first half of the century varied. Required examples of the sources of global conflict: Imperialist expansion by European powers & Japan Competition for resources Ethnic conflict Great power rivalries between Great Britain & Germany Nationalist Ideologies The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression

30. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES The global balance of economic & political power shifted after the end of WWII & rapidly evolved into the Cold War The U.S. & the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers… which led to ideological struggles between capitalism & communism throughout the globe

31. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES The Cold War produced new military alliances including NATO & the Warsaw Pact & promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, & Asia

32. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES One event effectively ended the Cold War The dissolution of the Soviet Union

33. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Many rival groups- including states- opposed the trend of conflict. Some, however, intensified the conflicts.

34. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Groups & individuals challenged the many wars Picasso in Guernica Anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War Thich Quang Duc by self-immolation And some promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change Gandhi MLK, Jr.

35. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Groups & individuals opposed & promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, & social orders Communist leaders Ho Chi Minh & Mao Zedong Non-aligned movement Anti- apartheid movement in South Africa Participants in the Global Uprisings of 1968 Tiananmen Square protests that promoted democracy in China

36. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES Militaries & militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict Promotion of military dictatorship in Spain & Uganda U.S. promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War Build-up of Military Industrial Complex & arms trading

37. KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims IRA ETA Al Qaeda

38. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Role of the state in domestic economy fluctuated New institutions of global governance emerged & continued to develop Scientific breakthroughs, new technologies, increasing levels of integration, changing relationships between humans & the environment, & the frequency of political conflict all contributed to… People crafting new understandings of society, culture, & historical interpretations

39. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20 th century

40. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Communist states of Soviet Union & China- governments controlled their national economies Five Year Plans, Great Leap Forward In the U.S. & parts of Europe governments played a minimal role in their national economies until the onset of the Great Depression when they began to take a more active role New Deal, Fascist Corporatist Economy In newly independent states after WWII, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt, encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia At the end of the century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies & promoted economic liberalization U.S. under Regan, GB under Thatcher, China under Deng Xiaoping, Chile under Pinochet

41. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE States, communities, & individuals became increasingly interdependent- a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance

42. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE New international organizations formed to maintain world peace & to facilitate international cooperation League of Nations United Nations International Criminal Court

43. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE New economic institutions sought to spread the principles & practices associated with free market economics throughout the world International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank World Trade Organization (WTO)

44. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world UNICEF Amnesty International Red Cross Doctors Without Borders World Health Organization

45. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE New trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital & goods across national borders European Union NAFTA ASEAN Mercosur

46. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority & autonomy Royal Dutch Shell Coca-cola Sony

47. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental & economic consequences of global integration Greenpeace Green Belt in Kenya Earth Day

48. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE People conceptualized society & culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, & religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions

49. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world UN Declaration of Human Rights Women’s rights The end of the White Australia Policy

50. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities (Negritude) & exclusionary reactions Xenophobia Race Riots Citizenship Restrictions

51. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Believers adopted new forms of spirituality New Age Religions Hare Krishna Falun Gong And chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths & apply them to political issues Fundamentalist Movements Liberation Theology

52. KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, & CULTURE Popular & consumer culture became global Sports were more widely practiced & reflected national & social aspirations World Cup Soccer The Olympics Cricket Changes in communication & transportation technology enabled the widespread diffusion of music & film Reggae Bollywood