2. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer When cells grow and divide out of control, they cause a group of diseases called cancer.cancer The result is a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle. This change prevents the cell from staying in interphase for the normal period of time. When the normal checkpoints fail, the cell and its daughter cells will divide uncontrollably. 2.7 cancer

3. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer TUMOURS Uncontrolled growth may create a rapidly growing mass of cells that form a lump, or tumour. tumour Tumours may be benign or malignant. Cells in a malignant tumour are considered cancerous. benign malignant Cancer cells may break away from the original tumour and move to a different part of the body. If they settle and grow in this new location, a new tumour will form. This process of breaking away and creating secondary tumours is called metastasis.metastasis 2.7 tumour benign tumour malignant metastasis

4. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer MUTATIONS When cells divide, their DNA is almost always duplicated error-free. The genetic information in their daughter cells is identical to the parent cell. Sometimes random changes occur in the cell’s DNA. These changes are called mutations. Changes may result in the death of the cell or allow it to survive and continue to grow and divide. If the cell cycle is abnormal, the cells may be cancerous.mutations 2.7 mutations carcinogens

5. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer CARCINOGENS Some mutations are caused by carcinogens. Carcinogens are environmental factors that cause cancer. Examples include tobacco smoke, radiation, some viruses, certain chemicals, and many organic solvents.carcinogens Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in Canadians over 40 years of age. Health Canada reports that 9 out of 10 lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. The figure below identifies other parts of the body that are affected by the carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Some cancers are at least partly hereditary. These include some breast cancers and colon cancers. 2.7 mutations carcinogens

6. Super foods such as these help your body protect itself from cancers CANCER SCREENING Factors affecting a person’s risk of getting cancer include –personal and family medical history –exposure to carcinogens in the environment –lifestyle choices, such as eating more “super foods” Cancer screening means checking for cancer even when no symptoms are present. Screening can be performed –at home, as part of a routine self-examination –by a doctor, such as a Pap test or blood testPap test –as genetic testing, when there is a family history of cancer While screening does not prevent cancer, it does increase the likelihood of early detection and successful treatment. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer 2.7 pap test

7. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer 2.7 Vocabulary Pap test CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT The earlier a cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances of successful treatment. Some diagnostic imaging techniques include endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning, and MRI. Once an abnormality has been identified, a sample of the cells is removed and examined under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. This is the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis of cancer. The purpose of cancer treatment is to slow down the growth of tumours or destroy as many cancer cells as possible. Currently, there are three methods of conventional treatment: –surgery –chemotherapy –radiation therapy One new technique to fight cancer is biophotonics, which uses beams of light to detect and treat the cancer cells.