1. APA 2302 History of Sport and Physical Activity Course Review Friday, APRIL, 5, 2013

2. IMPORTANT Please remember to check for further details on exam format review and exam room location on our course Blackboard Learn. FINAL EXAM Friday, April 12, 2013. 2:00-5:00pm, Montpetit Gym F. Be on time, with student card and pen/pencil.

3. Summary Our selective look at different times and places throughout this course shows us that physical games, contests and sport activities are integrally related to: – social relations and – social forces in societies.

4. As social life changes and as power shifts in any society, there are changes in the organization, in the meanings of games and sport activities, as well as in the people who participate in, watch and sponsor them.

5. Ancient Greece In ancient Greece, games and contests were grounded in mythology and religious beliefs and honoring Zeus. They focused on the interests of young males from wealthy segments of society. As the outcomes of organized games took on political and social implications beyond the events, athletes were recruited from the lower classes and paid for their participation in competetions.

6. The following factors show shows us a side of sports in ancient Greece that contradicts many popular beliefs of widespread democracy in Sports during Ancient Greece : – the use of violence during contests and games, – the heavy emphasis on victory, – Not inclusive.

7. Roman Games Roman contests and games emphasized mass entertainment. They were designed to celebrate and preserve the power of political leaders, and to pacify masses of unemployed and underemployed workers in Roman cities and towns.

8. Many athletes in Roman events were slaves recruited for the events, or troublemakers coerced into jeopardizing their lives in battle with one another or with wild animals. These spectacles faded with the demise of the Roman Empire.

9. Critically assessing the spectacle-like contests and games of this period makes us more aware of the interests that powerful people may have in promoting large sport events.

10. Medieval Times Folk games and tournaments in medieval times clearly reflected and reproduced gender and social class differences in European cultures. The peasants played local versions of folk games in connection with seasonal events in village life. The knights and nobles engaged in tournaments and jousts.

11. Studying this time period alerts us to the importance of gender and class differences in our efforts to understand sports and sport experiences today.

12. Renaissance and Reformation The patterns from the medieval period continued through the Renaissance in parts of Europe. The Enlightenment was associated with increased political rights and freedom to engage in diversionary games and physical activities.

13. The Protestant Reformation generated negative attitudes about any activities that interfered with work and religious worship. Dominated by protestant faith which inhibit sports and drinking, especially on Sundays, wealthy could continue on private properties Peasants felt the impact of these attitudes most sharply, because they did not have the resources needed to avoid the restrictive controls imposed by government officials who were inspired by Calvinist or Puritan orientations. The games and sports of the wealthy generally continued within the safe confines of their private grounds.

14. Studying these historical periods alerts us to the importance of cultural ideology and government policies when it comes to who plays sports under what conditions

15. Sport in Canada Social, political, economic and ideological factors have influenced sport Issues: gender involvement, physical education, competition Distinctive Periods – Pre 1850 – 1850s-1900s – 1900-1950s – 1961-present

16. Sports in Early Canada until 18 th Century Aboriginal traditions of games and sports – Films: Canada, A People’s History (Contact period) Team Spirit: The Tootoo Story. Both films are at MRT library. First contact, 16 th century-new customs and traditions Sports in New France in 17 th C: – Survival – Competitions – Creating identities

17. Native Indian, Inuit and Voyageurs Utilitarian approach Organized sport – early 19 th century British troops – Garrison Officers – Influence and important role on the early development of sport in Canada – trophies and awards – Establish homeland sports Cricket, rowing, track and field, horse racing and fox hunting

18. Sports under British Rule Development of ideas and sports under the influence of the Garrison Officers - outreach Strong link between sports and: – Military training – Character Building – Strength and Survival – Cultural Identity and Customs – Gender and Class Constructions

19. 1800-1850s Foundation of organized sport development Membership (military officers) Upper middle class, large urban areas – Social event – Predominantly WASPS Montreal Curling Club (1807) Curling greatly influenced of Scottish men

20. Montreal Cradle of organized sport Headquarters for British imperial forces The Hunt Club (1829) The Cricket Club (1929) Tandem Club (1837) Racquet Club (1839) Montreal Olympic Club (1842) Montreal Snow Shoe Club (1843) Montreal Lacrosse Club (1856) Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA) – MSSC, MLC and MBC (1881) – 10 Governing bodies in various sports

21. Social Elite busy socializing… Working class sport interests – Taverns, saloons – Billiards, wrestling, prize fights etc… – Bull baiting, dog fights, cockfighting Excluded competitors – Working class tradesman – Native, African American, Irish and even Scot Little inter-city competition – Travel – Only wealthy could afford to travel Restricted to socially elite

22. 1850s-1900s Canada dependant on fur trade Upper and Lower Canada Largest cities Montreal, Quebec, Toronto 3.5 million population, 20% urban Trades became important – farming, fishing and timber

23. Industrial Revolution During the early days of the Industrial Revolution, the demands of work and the absence of spaces for play generally limited sport involvement to the wealthy and to people in rural areas.

24. This pattern began to change in Canada from the mid 1880s to the early 1900s, when: – the combined influence of labour unions, – Moral and health reform movements – progressive legislation and – economic expansion led to the creation of new ideas about the consequences of sport participation and new opportunities for involvement.

25. Advancements… Technological development – Growth or urbanization – Industrialization – Changes in sport (1840-1918) Transportation – Cheaper and special excursion rates – Sports interaction – CPR (1885) Communication – Media and telegraph system – Bell 1874 – Newspaper (early 19 th century)

26. Organized Sport in the Nineteenth Century Technology, Industrialization, Urbanization Film. Challenge from Dawson. From the Gold Rush to the Stanley Cup. Sport Organization and Regulation of Race/Ethnicity/Class Film. Asahi Baseball Remembered

27. Opportunities for sport involvement were shaped primarily by the needs of an economy emphasizing mass production and mass consumption. It was in this context that people developed what we now refer to as organized competitive sports.

28. Amateur or Pro? Class distinction – One based on earning money; excluded individuals Canadian Amateur Athletic Association (1884) “athletic war” 1906 CAAU formerly the CAAA – Amateur athletes not allowed to compete with or against professionals AAF of C 1907 (Amateur Athletic Federation)

29. CAAU 1909 – 900 clubs – 60000 additional members – Rejoining of AAF of C to the CAAU to become the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU of C) 1914 – 1300 clubs – 100,000 registered athletes

30. First half of the 20 th C Roaring 20’s, Depression and WWII and Cold War (early stages) Urbanization (1921 – 50% urban dwellers) Technological and communication influence and development Communication advances – reporting of sports results Emergency of national celebrities – Ned Hanlan (sculler) – Barbara Ann Scott (figure skating) – Louis Rubenstein (figure skating) – Louis Cyr (strongman)

31. First half of the 20 th C Canadian sport heroes (See lecture) Continued development of sports, ie baseball, lacrosse NHL & Hockey Night in Canada Extended boundaries of sport coverage 1950s – television for sports enthusiasts 1952 – first Canadian televised hockey

32. PA in schools - Strathcona Trust Fund Early 1900’s government promoted military through this fund Physical training projects to maintain health Funds helped to implement programs – National Fitness Act (1943) – Provincial-Recreation Program 1958 – council brief that focused on sport and fitness issues

33. Government Involvement Fitness and Amateur Sport Act (1961)  Government involvement in sport and fitness  Access to sport and fitness for all Canadians Mass sport and physical fitness programs funding (early 60s) ParticipACTION

34. Aboriginals in Sport Limited participation prior to 1918 “professionals” in lacrosse and snowshoeing Special categories and ranks Entertainment for white spectators Tom Longboat (1908) distance runner subject to racial discrimination

35. Gender and Sport & Physical Activity Examining Sport as Male Ritual Science and Medical Theories on Women’s Bodies and Sport Participation Development of Sports and Physical Education for Women in Canada Film. The Matchless Six; NFB ‘I was a 90lb weakling’

36. Women in Sport 1850 Bicycle – “bloomers” – Freedom of movement without loss of dignity – Horseback riding, snowshoeing and safety bicycle Late 1800’s – Tennis, curling, golf, basketball, baseball and even hockey Groups still opposed to women in vigorous activity – Physical and emotional stresses of sport – Their participation –marginalized

37. Women in Sport After WWI women's participation in sport increased 1920-30s – Golden Age for sport School, work involvement More aggressive roles “matchless six” – female track team Edmonton Grads – basketball domination Women’s Amateur Athletic Federation (1926) Emergency of feminism (60’s-70s) more challenging boundaries of “what was acceptable”

38. Sports and Nation Identity: Origins of the Olympic Ideal The British Sport Model, Baron Pierre de Coubertin and the Modern Olympics Olympic Movement and – Politics; – Nationalism; – Commercialism; – Corruption.

39. Important athletic achievements in Olympics Canada hosting the Games Notions of race, racial superiority, ethnicity tied to sports development Cold war ended, terrorism began… Films. Munich Massacre (online); Doping for Gold (online)

40. Sport and Nation Building in Canada Contextualizing Early Impressions of Sport and Nation – World Fairs Using sports to develop a Canadian identity during time of Confederation, and post WWII nation building – Diefenbaker and Trudeau – elite sport; hockey Government participation and policy development to guide the development of improved sports and physical activity programs – Physical activity programs at community and school levels

41. 1969 Pierre Trudeau campaign speech – Linking sport with culture and promoting national unity – National unity symbol Policy-driven structure for development of Sports in Canada: key areas of concern, – declining levels of participation; – increase performance of elite athletes Films: That’s Hockey (nfb online)

42. Conclusion Sports have never been so pervasive and influential in the lives of people as they are today. True or False – False. There are still large groups of people excluded from sports; physical activity for a variety of economic, social, political reasons. It is false to assume that things improve progressively, ie, linear improvement over time. The rates of participation in sports in Canada has declined over the last 15 years.

43. In the past, sports and physical activity was primarily associated with : – Military training – Training civilian boys – Religious ceremonies – Competitions to honour Gods – Mass entertainment for the public – Exclusive upperclass male rituals – Identity constructions and resistance

44. Organized sports in Canada has become a combination: – of passion for the sport – of business – entertainment, – education, – masculinity rituals, – declarations of identity and – endorsements for national and corporate sponsors.

45. Studying sports over time shows us that the origins of sports were closely tied to complex social, political and economic factors that have a profound impact on constructions of gender, race and class; and equity within the international sports environment.

46. Good luck with your exam preparations, and all the best on all your final exams ! The exam will start at 2pm, April 12 th 2013, at MNT Gym F; it is advisable to arrive 15 minutes before. It was great to meet you and I hope you all enjoy an excellent summer To our graduates in the class, many congratulations on completing your degree, and all the best in your future endeavours!