1. Topic : Output Devices with emphasis on Printers and Plotters

2. A computer is a general Purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

3. Control unit Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Memory Input/output (I/O) Multitasking Multiprocessing Networking and the Internet Computer architecture paradigms

4. In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance.

5. Keyboards. Pointing devices Imaging and video input devices Audio input devices Mice. Scanners. Digital cameras. Joysticks.

7. An Output Device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human- readable form.

8. Some types of output are : Text, Graphics, Tactile and Video. Types of output devices we need to know about are : o Monitors. o Speakers. o Printers. o Plotters.

10. In computing, Printer is a peripheral which produces a representation of an electronic document on physical media such as a paper or transparency film. Many printers are local peripherals connected directly to a nearby personal computer. Individual printers are often designed to support both local & network connected users at the same time. Consumer & some commercial printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document.

11. However, printers are generally slow devices (30pages/min is considered fast), & the cost per page is relatively high. This is offset by the on-demand convenience & the project management costs being more controllable compared to an outsourced solution. The Printing Press remains the machine of choice for high-volume, professional publishing. However, as printers have improved in quality and performance, many jobs which used to be done by professional print shops are now done by users on local printers.

12. Printers can be classified by the printer technology they employ, with many techniques being available as commercial products. The choice of print technology has a great effect on the cost of the printer and cost of operation, speed, quality and permanence of documents, and noise. Types of technology are : Modern Print Technology. Obsolete and special-purpose printing technologies.

13. The following printing technologies are routinely found in modern printers : I. Toner-based printers. II. Liquid inkjet printers. III. Solid ink printers. IV. Dye-sublimation printers. V. Inkless printers.

14. A laser printer rapidly produces high quality text & graphics.As with digital photocopiers & multifunction printers(MFP’s), laser printers employ a xerographic printing proces. Another toner-based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs instead of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.

15. Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably sized droplets of liquid ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of printers used by the consumers.

16. Solid ink printers, also known as phase-change printers, are a type of thermal transfer printer. They use solid sticks of CMYK-coloured ink, similar in consistency to candle wax. Solid ink printers are most commonly used as colour office printers, and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media.

17. A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, paper or canvas. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high- quality colour applications.

18. Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some older inexpensive fax machines.

19. The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use : I. Typewriter-derived printers. II. Teletypewriter-derived printers. III. Daisy wheel printers. IV. Dot-matrix printers. V. Line printers. VI. Liquid ink electrostatic printer. VII. Pen-based plotters.

21. The Plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers. Pen plotters print by moving a pen or other instrument across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are vector graphics devices. Pen plotters can draw complex line art, including text, but do so slowly because of the mechanical movement of the pens.

22. Initially, a number of printer control languages were created to operate pen plotters, and transmit commands like “lift pen from paper”, “place pen on paper”, or “draw a line from here to here”. Three common ASCII-based plotter control languages are Hewlett-Packard’s HP-GL, its successor HP-GL/2 & Houston Instruments DMPL.

23. A plotter is typically used to print large-format graphs or maps such as construction maps, engineering drawings and big posters. Plotters are divided into two types: 1. Drum plotters. 2. Flatbed plotters. 3. Pen plotters. 4. Electrostatic plotters. 5. Inkjet plotters.

24. A drum plotter is also known as Roller Plotter. It consists of a drum or roller on which a paper is placed and the drum rotates back and forth to produce the graph on the paper. It also consists of mechanical device known as Robotic Drawing Arm that holds a set of colored ink pens or pencils.

25. A flatbed plotter is also known as Table Plotter. It plots on paper that is spread and fixed over a rectangular flatbed table. The flatbed plotter uses two robotic drawing arms, each of which holds a set of colored ink pens or pencils. Typically, the plot size is equal to the area of a bed.

26. Pen plotters have an ink pen attached to draw the images. Pen plotters create plots by moving a pen or pencil over drafting paper. (For some pen plotters, the paper moves and the epn remains stationary). They have been the most popular type of plotter.

27. While pen plotters use pens, electrostatic plotters use electrostatic charges to create images made up of tiny dots on specially treated paper. These plotters, unfortunately, use expensive chemicals that are considered hazardous Electrostatic plotters produce high-resolution images and are much faster than either pen or ink-jet plotters.

28. The inkjet plotter creates an image by spraying small droplets of ink onto a piece of paper. They are available in thermal or piezoelectric models. Thermal inkjet plotters use heat to apply droplets of ink, while piezoelectric plotters use charged crystals to apply the ink. Inkjet plotters tend to produce better quality graphics than other types of plotters.

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