2. The Nature Of Science -presents- Teacher: Mr. Stephen N. Clontz, M. Ed sclontz@whiteville.k12.nc.us

3. 1.1 Earth Science Earth Science can be broken down into four major areas of specialization. 1- Astronomy 2- Meteorology 3- Geology 4- Oceanography

4. 1.1 Earth Science Astronomy – The study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Meteorology – The branch of Earth Science that studies the air that surrounds our planet. Geology - The study of the materials that make up Earth and the process that form and change these materials. Oceanography - The study of the Earth’s oceans which cover nearly 3/4ths of our planet.

5. The Scope of Earth Science Earth Science Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science Paleontology Remains of organisms that once lived on Earth; ancient environments Patterns of weather over a long period of time; effects of human activities on weather and climate Climatology Hydrology Water flow on and below Earth ’ s surface; sources of and solutions to water pollution SubspecialtySubjects Studied

6. Tectonics Effects of internal processes on Earth ’ s surface, including earthquakes and mountain building Geochemistry Earth ’ s composition and the processes that change it The Scope of Earth Science Earth Science Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science SubspecialtySubjects Studied Ecology Habitats of organisms and how organisms interact with each other and their environments

7. CORE

8. Earth ’ s Systems Scientists who study Earth have identified four main Earth systems: the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. Earth Science 1.The Lithosphere – Earth ’ s lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of the planet and includes the crust and the solid, uppermost part of the layer below the crust, the mantle. – There are two kinds of crust: continental crust, made mostly of granite, and oceanic crust which is primarily basalt.

9. Earth ’ s Systems 1.The Lithosphere Earth Science – Some of Earth ’ s upper mantle behaves like a rigid solid while other parts of this layer are partially molten and flow like a soft plastic. – Beneath Earth ’ s mantle is the core, which can be divided into two parts: – an outer, liquid part and a solid, inner part. Earth ’ s core and asthenosphere are not parts of the lithosphere but they do interact with it. – This partially molten layer of the mantle is the asthenosphere.

11. Earth ’ s Systems 2.The Hydrosphere Earth Science – The hydrosphere consists of the water in Earth ’ s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers, as well as the water in the atmosphere. – About 97 percent of Earth ’ s water exists as salt water; the remaining 3 percent is freshwater contained in glaciers, in lakes and rivers, and beneath Earth ’ s surface as groundwater.

12. Earth ’ s Systems 3.The Atmosphere Earth Science – The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet. – Earth ’ s atmosphere is necessary for respiration by most living things, protects Earth ’ s inhabitants from harmful radiation from the Sun, and helps to keep the planet at a temperature suitable for life.

13. Earth ’ s Systems 4.The Biosphere Earth Science – The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live. – With some exceptions, most organisms exist within a few meters of Earth ’ s surface.

14. 1.2 The Methods of Science Investigations In order to bring organization to investigations, many scientist use a particular method….called the scientific method.

15. 1.2 The Methods of Science Investigations State the problem Gather Information Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Analyze Data Draw Conclusions Hypothesis not supported Hypothesis is supported

16. 1.2 The Methods of Science Investigations State the problem: Involves asking “how” or “why”. Gathering Information: Seek out information that others may have documented in order to better help you understand the nature of what you’re interested in. Forming a hypothesis: A hypothesis is a possible explanantion for a problem (based upon what you know and what you’ve observed).

17. 1.2 The Methods of Science Investigations Testing a hypothesis: A hypothesis can be tested in many ways such as, making observations, building a model, or conducting an experiment. An experiment test the effect of one thing on another using controlled conditions.

18. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables Most experiments contain at least two variables. A variable is a quantity that can have more than one value.

19. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables You could set up an experiment to determine which of three possible fertilizers helps plants to grow the biggest. Remember: Before you begin your test, you need to think of all the factors that may cause plants to grow bigger. Can you name some?

20. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables Remember: Before you begin your test, you need to think of all the factors that may cause plants to grow bigger. Can you name some? Plant typeRoom Temperature The amount of sunlightType of Soil Amount of waterType of Fertilizer In this experiment, the amount of growth is the dependent variable because it’s value changes according to the changes in the other variables.

21. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables Remember: Before you begin your test, you need to think of all the factors that may cause plants to grow bigger. Can you name some? Plant typeRoom Temperature The amount of sunlightType of Soil Amount of waterType of Fertilizer To make sure you’re only testing the effect of the fertilizer, you have to keep the other conditions the same for all plants. These conditions that remain the same are called “constants”.

22. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables Remember: Before you begin your test, you need to think of all the factors that may cause plants to grow bigger. Can you name some? Plant typeRoom Temperature The amount of sunlightType of Soil Amount of waterType of Fertilizer Since the three plants receive only a different type of fertilizer, the fertilizer becomes our independent variable.

23. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables Remember: Before you begin your test, you need to think of all the factors that may cause plants to grow bigger. Can you name some? Plant typeRoom Temperature The amount of sunlightType of Soil Amount of waterType of Fertilizer You may opt to use a fourth plant that has NO fertilizer in order to compare the effects of plant 1, plant 2, and plant 3 to the unfertilized plant. The unfertilized plant is called a “control”.

24. 1.2 The Methods of Science Experimental Conditions - Variables Remember: Before you begin your test, you need to think of all the factors that may cause plants to grow bigger. Can you name some? Plant typeRoom Temperature The amount of sunlightType of Soil Amount of waterType of Fertilizer A “control” in an experiment is standard that can be used for comparison. The control lets us know if our independent variable really has an effect on the dependent variable.

25. 1.2 The Methods of Science Measurement Remember: Measurements consist of a number and a unit. example: 10 grams Today most scientist use a modern day version of the metric system to record measurements. This system is called the SI system. SI = Systeme International d’Unites

26. 1.2 The Methods of Science Quantity Unit Definition The distance between two points. meter (m) The amount of matter in An object. kilogram (kg) The gravitational force on an object Newton (N) The amount of surface within a set of boundaries square meters (m 2 ) The amount of space an object occupies cubic meters (m 3 ) The amount of matter that occupies a given space (g/cm 3 ) The interval between two events. seconds (s) The average vibrations of particles in matter. Degrees Celsius ( o C)

27. 1.2 The Methods of Science Measurement Using your Computer: Go to the following website, www.sciencegeek.netwww.sciencegeek.net and click on the self contained powerpoint for scientific notation. Read through the short presentation and practice these online excercises.

28. 1.3 Communicating in Science Communication Results Both models and graphs help scientist predict and explain their ideas and observations (as recorded in their data).

29. 1.3 Communicating in Science Models and Graphs Graphs – A line graph is a visual display that shows how two variables are related. – The independent variable is plotted on the horizontal ( x ) axis. – The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical ( y ) axis. x axis y axis

31. 1.3 Communicating in Science Scientific Theories and Laws A scientific theory is an explanation bases on the knowledge we gain from many observations that have supported a hypothesis. Remember: Some theories accepted today may be discarded in the future as new information emerges. The old theory about heat being a fluid that made objects gain weight as they got hotter was at one time an accepted theory…..but is now considered hogwash!

32. 1.3 Communicating in Science Scientific Theories and Laws A scientific law is a statement that explains what happens in nature and appears to be true ALL the time. Note: Scientific Laws however do NOT explain why something happens…..they just tell you that it will happen. An example of a scientific law is the law of gravity.

33. Section Assessment 1.Match the following terms with their definitions. ___ geology ___ oceanography ___ meteorology ___ astronomy Earth Science A.the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere B.the study of the air that surrounds Earth C.the study of the materials that make up Earth and the processes that form and change these materials D.the study of Earth’s oceans C D B A

34. _____________ Earthquakes along the San Andreas fault _____________ Effects of climatic change on dinosaurs _____________ Water flow into the Ogallala aquifer _____________ The effects of logging on the Spotted Owl _____________ Long term weather patterns in New England Section Assessment 2.Which subspecialties of Earth science would apply to the following subjects? Earth Science Tectonics Paleontology Hydrology Ecology Climatology

35. ______The asthenosphere is part of the lithosphere. ______You are part of the biosphere. ______Less than 5% of Earth ’ s water is fresh water. ______The Earth ’ s biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are independent systems. Section Assessment 3.Identify whether the following statements are true or false. Earth Science false true false

36. Section Assessment 1.Match the following terms with their definitions. ___ hypothesis ___ independent variable ___ dependent variable ___ control Methods of Scientists A.factor in an experiment that can change if the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter is changed B.factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in an experiment C.standard for comparison in an experiment D.suggested explanation for an observation often stated in the form of a question that can be answered by the results of an experiment D B A C

37. Section Assessment Methods of Scientists 2.Match the following SI units with the type of measurement. ___ Second (s) ___ Kelvin (K) ___ Newton (N) ___ Meter (m) ___ Kilogram (kg) A.mass B.length C.weight D.time E.temperature D E C B A

38. 96,000,000,000 _____________ 0.000037 _____________ 7,234,000 _____________ 0.001_____________ 5,284,200,000,000_____________ Section Assessment 3.Express the following numbers in scientific notation. Methods of Scientists 9.6 X 10 10 3.7 X 10 -5 7.234 X 10 6 1 X 10 -3 5.2842 X 10 12

39. Section Assessment 1.Match the following terms with their definitions. ___ theory ___ model ___ law Communicating in Science A.an idea, a system, or mathematical expression that is similar to the idea being explained B.a basic fact that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon C.an explanation based on many observations during repeated experiment C A B

40. Section Assessment Communicating in Science 2.On a line graph, what is plotted on the horizontal ( x ) axis? The independent variable is plotted on the horizontal ( x ) axis. 3.On a line graph, what is plotted on the vertical ( y ) axis? The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical ( y ) axis.

41. 1.Which branch of Earth science studies the air that surrounds our planet? a.astronomyc.geology b.meteorologyd.oceanography Multiple Choice Chapter Assessment Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earth ’ s atmosphere; geology is the study of the materials that make up Earth and the processes that form and change these materials; and oceanography is the study of Earth ’ s oceans.

42. Multiple Choice 2.Which subspecialty of Earth science studies water flow on and below Earth ’ s surface? a.climatologyc.ecology b.tectonicsd.hydrology Chapter Assessment Climatology studies patterns of weather over a long period of time; tectonics studies the effects of internal processes on Earth ’ s surface; and ecology studies habitats of organisms and how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

43. Multiple Choice 3.The asthenosphere is part of the _____. a.lithospherec.mantle b.hydrosphered.atmosphere Chapter Assessment The asthenosphere is the partially molten layer in the upper mantle. This is below the lithosphere which is the rigid outer shell of Earth. The hydrosphere is the water on the surface of Earth and in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases surrounding Earth.

44. Multiple Choice 4.A(n) _____ is used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are actually a result of the condition being tested. a.controlc.dependent variable b.independent variabled.hypothesis Chapter Assessment The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter. A dependent variable is a factor that can change if the independent variable is changed. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an observation.

45. Multiple Choice 5.The SI unit of mass is the _____. a.mc.kg b.Nd.K Chapter Assessment The meter (m) is the SI unit to measure length; the newton (N) is the SI unit to measure weight; and in SI, temperature is measured on the Kelvin (K) scale.

46. Conversion 7.Complete the following SI conversions. 100 mm_______ m 50 kg_______ g 287 mL_______ L 2.3 km_______ m 30 m 3 _______ cm 3 14 cm 3 _______ mL Chapter Assessment.1 50,000.287 2,300 3,000 14

47. True or False 8.Identify whether the following statements are true or false. ______ A scientific theory is a basic fact that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon. ______ Scientific methods are not rigid, step-by-step outlines to solve problems. ______A paleontologist would study the composition of the ancient atmosphere. ______ Earth ’ s atmosphere is about 78% oxygen. Chapter Assessment false true false