2. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BHUJ 3 rd SEMCHEMICAL ENGINEERINGGUIDED BY: Prof. Z.Z.Painter & Prof. J.D.RathodTOPIC: HABER PROCESS

3. PREPARED BY: 130150105006 =DILIP130150105022=HEMANT130150105032=PRAGNESH130150105039=ARTH

4. Haber Process is used for manufacturing of Ammonia Haber carefully studied the equilibrium between hydrogen and nitrogen under pressure to form Ammonia. No high pressure apparatus was then available so they invented a system for the economic production of pure hydrogen from electrodiyalisis of water and nitrogen from the air. High pressure containers are very expensive. Iron catalyst make the reaction more quickly without effecting % of yield HABER PROCESS

5. It took over 6500 experiments at different temperatures and pressures carried out by the German Carl Bosch to work all this lot out. He got a Nobel Prize for it in 1931! (Haber got his Nobel Prize in 1918) Carl Bosch

6. Introduction of ammonia Raw Materials Reaction Flow Sheet Process Uses Major Engineering Problems More Information HABER PROCESS

7.  Properties of Ammonia 1.Mol. Wt.:17.03 2.M.P.: -77.7 C 3.Solubility: Very soluble in water INTRODUCTION OF AMMONIA

8. Hydrogen gas from synthesis gas Nitrogen gas from air addition in synthesis gas process or from air liquefaction process RAW MATERIALS

9. The Haber process is a REVERSIBLE reaction N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) Δ rxn H 0 = − 92 kJ/mole nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia A reversible reaction is one where the products of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants. REACTION

10. N2(g)N2(g)3H 2 (g)2NH 3 (g) Δ f H 0 (kJ mol -1 )002× -46.11-92.11 S 0 (JK -1 mol -1 )191.613× 130.6842×192.45-198.76 Δ f G 0 (kJ mol -1 )002× -16.45-32.90 C p (JK -1 mol -1 )29.1253× 28.8242× 35.06 N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) Thermodynamic data(at 298 K)

11. Reversible Reactions Factors that can affect a reversible reaction include: Changing pressure(or volume, concentration) Changing temperature

12. Effect of Pressure

13. Effect of pressure On the left hand side there are 4 moles of gas, whilst on the right hand side there are 2 moles Any increase in pressure will favour the forward reaction to produce more ammonia. This is because the forward reaction will tend to decrease the pressure in the system.

14. VIDEOS PREPARATION OF AMMONIA AMMONIA PLANT DESIGN AMMONIA PRODUCTION

15. Purified NH3 SYNTHESIS GAS (1 MOL N2) (3 MOL H2) OIL FILTER FEED GUARD CONVERTER (OPTIONAL) RECYCLE GAS SMALL PURGE STREAM TO PREVENT ACCUMULATION OF DILUENTS SUCH AS Ar CENTRIFUGAL RECIRCULAR NH3 REFRIGERANT GAS LIQUID COOLING WATER WATER CHILLER SPENT COOLING WATER SEPARATER NH3 YIELD:85-90% CONVERTION:8-30% SPHERICAL TANK STORAGE -15 C COLD GAS REACTOR 500-600 C 100-1000 atms

17. Ammonia Synthesis gas is compressed to the operating pressure(100-1000 atms. Depending on conversion required).It is sent through a filter to remove compression oil and additionally through a high temperature guard converter. This is done by catalyst and suitable getter materials. PROCESS DESCRIPTION

18. The relatively cool gas is added along the outside of converter tube walls to provide cooling so that carbon steel can be used for thick wall pressure vessel and internal tubes. The preheated gas flows next through the tube which contains promoted porous iron catalyst at 500-550 o C. The NH 3 product, with an 8-30% conversion depending on process conditions, is removed by condensation, first with water cooling and then NH 3 refrigeration. The unconverted N 2 -H 2 mixture is recalculated to allow an 85-90% yield. PROCESS DESCRIPTION

19. Δ rxn H 0 =−92 kJ/mole. LOW temperature! BUT…. Reactions is slower at lower temperatures! In operating the Haber process you have to decide what is more important, the higher YIELD you can get at lower temperatures or the higher RATE at higher temperatures. Improving the yield of ammonia in the Haber process

20. In order to get ammonia produced at a quicker RATE the reaction is carried out at a high temperature (450 o C). It is better to get just a 10% yield in 20 seconds (at a high temperature) than a 20% in 60 seconds (at a lower temperature) Improving the yield of ammonia in the Haber process

22. Direct application as fertilizer 25% Urea 21% Ammonium phosphates 16% Nitric Acid 12% Miscellaneous 12% Ammonium nitrate 08% Ammonium sulphate 03% Acrylonitrile 03% USES

23. 1.Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations 2.Catalyst development 3.Process design modifications MAJOR ENGIEERING PROBLEMS

24. MORE INFORMATION LIST OF AMMONIA PLANTS COST & CAPACITY OF AMMONIA MSDS &TECHNOLOGY SUPPLYERS INFORMATION OF PLANTS IMAGES

25. LIST OF AMMONIA PLANTS IN INDIA IN GUJARAT

26. COST & CAPACITY OF AMMONIA COST OF AMMONIA AMMONIA PRODUCTION CAPACITY

27. MSDS &TECNOLOGY SUPPLYERS MSDS OF AMMONIA I.PDF IPDF I II.PDF IIPDF II TECHNOLOGY SUPPLYERS I.PDF IPDF I II.PDF IIPDF II III.PDF IIIPDF III

28. INFORMATION OF PLANTS TOPPOSE PLANT LOUISIANA PLANT YUNNAN PLANT WORLD BIGGEST PLANT VIDEO

29. IMAGES OF PLANTS

37. REFERENCES KIRK OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 4 th EDITION BY WATCHER Ullman's Enc. of Industrial Chemistry (2007) DRYDEN ’ S OUTLINES OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR 21 st CENTURY