1. Building a faceted classification Fundamentals of facet analysis

2. Fundamental structures in classification schemes: enumerative schemes (LCC, DDC) analytico-synthetic schemes (UDC, BC1) faceted schemes (CC, BC2) Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

3. Enumerative schemes: list all the possible classes high levels of pre-coordination of concepts very few possibilities for building classmarks scheme is not hospitable to new topics or concepts Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

4. Enumerative classification structure in LCC: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

5. Enumerative classification structure in LCC: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

6. Analytico-synthetic schemes: analytico-synthetic schemes are half-way between enumerative and faceted classifications have auxiliary or systematic schedules have facilities for compounding classes may contain pre-coordinated headings, as well as simple concepts Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

7. Faceted classifications: are rigorously structured list only simple concepts build classmarks as and when required combination is much more extensive Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

8. Indexing languages: indexing languages (such as classifications) consist of: a stock of vocabulary (the concepts or classes) rules for combination of words (the system syntax) Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

9. Indexing languages require: rules for organizing the concepts rules for joining the concepts together Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

10. Organization of concepts: traditional methods use pragmatic techniques the idea of a subject domain may be used often concepts in a subject are just clustered together this method is used in concept or topic maps they’re visually representative but lack logical structure Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

16. ‘Ontological’ relationships: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

17. What is ‘classical’ facet analysis: a means of organizing the concepts in a subject domain involves grouping concepts on the basis of shared characteristics uses standard categories as ‘receptacles’ for concepts in ‘classical’ facet analysis these are linguistic/functional categories Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

18. Types of categories used: earliest set of categories was that of Kaiser (1911) these were used in alphabetical subject indexing to generate pre-coordinated headings concretes (= things/entities/substances) processes (= activities/actions) place coal – mining – Brazil (concrete) – (process) – (place) banks – administration – Europe Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

19. Ranganathan’s categories: personality (= entities or systems) matter (= substances) energy (= actions or activities) space time Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

20. UK Classification Research Group categories: an expansion of Ranganathan’s PMEST: thing kind part property material process operation patient product by-product agent space time Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

21. These categories have been used in all classes in the second edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification (BC2): they work well for concepts in most subjects they work best with science and technology not every category is needed in every subject some additional categories are needed in the arts e.g. form and genre Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

22. Application of facet analysis standard categories to horticulture: things kinds parts properties materials process operation product agent space time =plants =trees, flowering plants, mosses, fungi =petals, roots, fruit, leaves =green, poisonous =cellulose, xylem, pigments =germination, growth, fruiting =cultivation, pruning, harvesting =fibres, foodstuffs, drugs =spades, tractors, fertilizers, gardeners =Brazil, tropics, dry areas =nineteenth century, weekend Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

23. Organization into arrays: the large number of concepts in a category or facet means that they need to be organized into sub- groups called sub-facets, or arrays an array = a set of terms whose members represent various examples or ‘values’ of a particular attribute characteristic (or principle) of division) = the name of this shared attribute

24. Arrays in organs facet in medicine: (Parts of the body by region) Head Neck Body, torso chest abdomen Limbs legs wings (Parts of the body by function) Locomotor system Circulatory system Digestive system Nervous system

25. Arrays in the place facet: (by orientation) North South East West (by temperature) tropics temperate zones arctic (by physiographic features) hills plains forests seas

26. Modelling a subject domain: categorization alone does not make a faceted system it must also deal with the order of, and relationships between, concepts attention should also be paid to sequence or order of concepts in combination the last is less vital in a digital context, but still important where any sort of linear order or display is needed Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

27. Organization within groups: simply grouping similar concepts won’t create a classification each set of concepts must be ordered various pragmatic orders can be adopted as appropriate e.g. chronological, geographical, developmental this is particularly important for physical arrangement, but is also relevant for browsing and for displaying search results a classification must also demonstrate the relationships between concepts Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

28. Hierarchical relationships: the most basic relationship in a classification is that of hierarchy this relationship is expressive of classes and their subclasses this is sometimes also referred to as subordination and superordination the relationship is usually represented visually in the classification display Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

29. Hierarchy showing subordinate and superordinate classes through indentation: Birds Parrots Macaws Polly Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

30. This can also be represented as a logical diagram: birds parrots macaws Polly Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

31. Hierarchical relationships: true hierarchical relationships are those in which the subordinate class is wholly contained by the superordinate class there are three main types: thing-kind or genus-species (sometimes called generic or taxonomic relationships) whole-part (sometimes called partonomic) instantive (or instantial) relationships between a class and an individual named member of the class Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

32. Thing-kind deals with an entity and its varieties or types (species): Cheese Wensleydale Camembert Stilton Rodents Rats Mice Gerbils Spaniels Springer spaniels Cocker spaniels Water spaniels Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

33. Whole-part deals with an entity and its constituents or components: Europe France England Spain Flowers Stamens Petals Sepals Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

34. Instantive relationships are between a class and its individual members: Mountains Mount Everest Kilimanjaro Fujiyama Artists Leonardo da Vinci Braque El Greco Canaries Tweetie-pie Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

35. Relationships in a hierarchy: a hierarchy or taxonomy shows relationships that are: –superordinate –subordinate –coordinate these hierarchical relationships are also often called: –semantic; or –paradigmatic they are permanent relationships between the concepts in a subject field they are usually indicated by indentation of successive sub-classes sometimes a concept can occur in different hierarchies Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

37. petsparrots pet parrots Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

38. Other relationships between concepts: otherwise unrelated concepts can be brought together in a compound subject e.g. ‘teaching classification’ such relationships are known as syntagmatic relationships Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

39. wheat combine harvester harvesting Wheat harvesting using combine harvesters Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

40. nameentitiesoperationsagents Paradigmatic relationships between terms contained in the vocabulary cerealsplant husbandryfarm machinery wheatharvestingcombine harvesters Syntagmatic relationships between terms assigned to a document Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

41. Relationships in bibliographic classifications: how individual classifications manage relationships differs considerably early bibliographic classifications are not very well structured only in the mid-twentieth century was the theory of classificatory structure developed modern classifications are more logical in their construction this is significant for machine management and for automated searching and indexing Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

42. Ontology with concepts and relationships: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

43. Faceted approach with categorized concepts: doeslives inwears Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

44. Relationships between concepts can be expressed in different ways: through facet indicators through relationship indicators through the sequence of concepts, or citation order different faceted languages utilise all of these methods Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

45. Rules for joining concepts together in language (syntax): sometimes meaning is achieved by inflection: homo mordet canem canis mordet hominem     Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

46. Sometimes meaning is achieved by word order: man bites dog dog bites man man eating sausage Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

47. Indexing languages can function in both of these ways: some (like PRECIS, or UDC) use role operators = symbols which indicate their status others (like BC2) rely on order in the schedule to give meaning to the components Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

48. Facet indicators (role operators) in UDC: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

49. Relational operators in indexing systems: Farradane’s system Clamping of hardened steel plates steel /: plates /- clamping /; hardening /: causation or dependence /- reaction /; association Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

50. In many modern faceted systems the means of combining terms is controlled by the citation order: citation order is the order of categories with which we’re familiar i.e. thing - kind - part - etc…. this is the so-called ‘standard’ citation order facet status determines the combination, but this is implicit in the notation it’s a good guide to the best default order of combination, but isn’t immutable Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

51. Examples of standard citation order in horticulture: Winter pruning of roses roses (entity) + pruning (operation) + winter (time) Machine harvesting of Brussels sprouts Brussels sprouts (entity) + harvesting (operation) + machine (agent) Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

52. The Colon Classification: uses the fundamental categories (P M E S T) uses facet indicators in the form of punctuation symbols to denote the categorical status of a concept.T.S :E ;M,P uses a facet formula to combine and express complex content  [P] [P2] [P3] : [E] 2P : [2E] Y [P] : [E] : [2E]. S. T Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

53. Modelling data: traditional models Ranganathan compared faceted schemes to engineering toys like Meccano a modern equivalent is Lego the idea is that the structure is assembled from small components

54. Molecular models as a pattern: molecular modelling provides a useful modern equivalent to Ranganathan’s Meccano analogy molecular systems also try to represent: the nature of the components the relationships between them their relative positions internal and external relationships between particles a syntax or rules for combination Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

59. Revision of BC and the second edition: the British Bliss Classification Committee became the Bliss Classification Association funds were raised for a revision programme to be carried out under the editorship of Jack Mills the revision was to be radical and to incorporate faceted classification principles the work was carried out at the Polytechnic of North London Library School much was contributed by BC users, and by members of the profession, particularly the CRG the schedules began to be published in the 1970s Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

60. Features of BC1 carried into BC2: built on theoretical principles the most scholarly of the general schemes the best main class order takes account of educational consensus and literary warrant provision for synthesising classmarks for compound subjects many alternative treatments and locations Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

61. New features of BC2: a greatly expanded and modernised vocabulary the imposition of a rigorously faceted structure, with clear articulation of the facet structure the use of a synthetic and retroactive notation a detailed alphabetical index introductory material explaining the principles on which the scheme was built Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

62. Standard categories as used in BC2: thing, entity (the major object, or end-purpose, of the discipline) kind (varieties of the thing) part (constituents or components) property (attributes, characteristics) material (substances of which things are made) process (actions which occur by themselves) operations (actions performed by an external agent) patient (the recipient of an action other than the entity) product by-product agent (person or equipment by which operations are performed) space time Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

63. Categories in zoology: thingorganisms, animal (wolf, amoeba, butterfly, frog) kind sorts of animals (wild animals, farm animals) part organs and systems if the body (heart, legs, nerves) propertyattributes, characteristics (carnivorous, furry) processeswhat animals so (breathe, grow, reproduce) operationswhat is done to animals (observation, dissection) agents means of performing operations (biologists, wildlife wardens, microscopes, binoculars) spaceplaces (Africa, deserts, forests) time period (twenty-first century, future) Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

64. Fundamental category  subject specific facet: the thing category  the organisms facet the part category  the organs and systems facet the space category  the place facet Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

65. Organization into arrays: an array = a set of terms whose members represent various examples or ‘values’ of a particular attribute characteristic (or principle) of division) = the name of this shared attribute Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

66. Arrays in organs facet: (Parts of the body by region) Head Neck Body, torso chest abdomen Limbs legs wings (Parts of the body by function) Locomotor system Circulatory system Digestive system Nervous system Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

67. Order of facets in schedule (inverted schedule): time place agents operations processes materials parts kinds things Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

68. The order of facets can be repeated at any point: Time Place Agents Operations Agents of operations Processes Parts Processes of parts Kinds Things Operations on things Processes of things Parts of things Operations on parts of things Agents of operations on parts of things Processes of parts of things Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

71. The use of pre-combined terms in scheduling (examples of combination): it aids the cataloguer or indexer in locating compounds it correctly locates compounds with unique names e.g. ‘arthritis’ as ‘joints – inflammation’ it facilitates the inclusion of such terms in the alphabetical index Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

72. Retroactive notation in practice: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL

73. Published classification schedule from BC2: Vanda Broughton, School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, UCL