1. The Muslim Empires 15

2. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Ottoman Empire’s Growth and Decline

3. The Ottoman Empire  Osman (1280-1326); leader of Osman Turks  At first peaceful, pastoral people  Osmanli (Ottoman) dynasty  Byzantine Empire weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, 1204  Orkhan I (1326-1360) attacked across the Bosporus into the Balkans  Murad I (1360-1389)  Reduces the Byzantine emperor to a vassal  Janissaries  Battle of Kossovo, 1389  Bayazid I(1389-1402)  Mehmet II (1451-1481)  Constantinople, 1453

4. Expansion of the Empire  Selim I (1512-1520)  Consolidate control over Mesopotamia and Northern Africa  Pashas collected taxes  Decline in the seventeenth century

5. Turkish Expansion in Europe  Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520-1566)  Belgrade, 1521  Battle of Mohács, 1526  Vienna, 1529  Turkish defeated by the Spanish at Lepanto, 1571  Vienna, 1683

6. Nature of Turkish Rule  Sultan  Evolution from bey to sultan  Topkapi Palace  Harem (Private domain of the sultan)  Place of women in the harem depends on giving birth to sons  Women of the harem often exercised influence  Members of the harems were often slaves  Educated and trained like Janissaries in the Devshirme  Harem made up of extended family; few used for sex  Grand Vezir, the chief minister  Provinces and districts governed by officials who combined civil and military functions  Senior officials assigned land by the sultan

7. Religion and Society in the Ottoman World  The Ottoman ruling elites were Sunni Muslims  Claimed the title of caliph  Had to uphold the Shari’a, Islamic Law  Sufism  Non-Muslims  Social classes  Position of women

8. Ottomans in Decline  Battle of Carlowitz, 1699  Reasons for decline  Administrative system began to break down  Changes in the devshirme system  Corruption  Material affluence and impact of western ideas and customs  Weak rulers

9. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, ca. 1683

10. Ottoman Art  Pottery, rugs, textiles, jewelry, arms, armor, and calligraphy  Architecture  Santa Sophia and Blue Mosque in Istanbul  Tiles and mosaics; new glazed tile  Silk industry; rugs

11. The Safavid  Shah Ismail (1487-1524)  Was Sufi  Seized much of Iran and Iraq, 1501  Sent Shi’ite preachers into Anatolia  Ottomans attack Shah Abbas I the Great, 1580s  Safavid forced to move capital  Safavid reach the zenith of their glory  Problems following Abbas the Great

12. Safavid Politics and Society  Used Shi’ism as a unifying force  Pyramidal political system, shah at the top  Economy of commerce and manufacturing  Safavid Art and Literature  Isfahan  Textiles Silk weaving  Painting

13. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Interior of Blue Mosque. Located in Istanbul, Turkey

14. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire

15. The Grandeur of the Mughals  Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”?  Babur (1483-1530) Captures Delhi in 1526 and thus control of the northern plains  Humayun (1530-1556) Was forced to flee in 1540 Recaptures Delhi in 1555  Akbar (1556-1605) Expansion under Akbar  Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization  Religious tolerance  Din-I-ilahi (Divine Faith)  Administration  Legal system

16. Twilight of the Mughals  Jahangir (1605-1628)  In early years strengthened central control  Court falls under influence of one of his wives  Shah Jahan (1628-1657)  Killed all his rivals when he came to the throne  Expanded the boundaries  Growing domestic problems  Taj Mahal  Augangzeb (1658-1707)  Reforms and religious intolerance  Rebellions  Reasons for collapse  Draining of the imperial treasury  Decline in the competence of Mughal rulers  Loosely knit principalities  Unwillingness of the wealthy to accept authority

17. Impact of Western Power in India  The Portuguese arrived first  The English arrive at Surat in 1608  Send an ambassador in 1616  Fort William (Calcutta)  Dutch and French  Joseph François Dupleix  Pondicherry  Continued English activities  Sir Robert Clive  British East India Company  Battle of Plassey, 1757  British began to consolidate control  Effects of British control

18. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. India in 1805

19. Society and Culture under the Mughals  Daily life  Position of women Mix of Hindu, Muslim, and tribal practices sati  Women in commerce  Hindus efforts to defend themselves  Commercialization of India  Mughal Culture  Islamic combined with Persian and indigenous influences  Architecture The most visible achievement The Taj Mahal; Humayun’s mausoleum

20. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Royal reception hall at Red Fort in Agra

21. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Humayun’s tomb at Agra

22. Discussion Questions  What factors contributed to the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire?  Compare and contrast the nature and challenges of imperial government in the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires.  What role did religion play in Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal government?  What was the impact of the presence of Western powers in India?