1. 1 The Great War: The World in Upheaval

2. 2 Immediate Origins of World War I June 28 1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914) June 28 1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914) Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina occupied by Austro-Hungarian Empire 1878, annexed 1908 occupied by Austro-Hungarian Empire 1878, annexed 1908 Ferdinand in favor of greater Serbian autonomy Ferdinand in favor of greater Serbian autonomy Not enough for Serbian extremists – they want control of their own country. Not enough for Serbian extremists – they want control of their own country. Remember the wave of nationalism that has hit Europe. Remember the wave of nationalism that has hit Europe.

3. 3 Gavrilo Princip Bosnian Serb (1894-1918) Bosnian Serb (1894-1918) One of seven assassins One of seven assassins First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide Princip shot Ferdinand, expectant wife Sophie as couple went to hospital to visit victims Princip shot Ferdinand, expectant wife Sophie as couple went to hospital to visit victims Princip swallows ineffective cyanide, captured by mob and tortured Princip swallows ineffective cyanide, captured by mob and tortured Too young to be executed, sentenced to 20 years in prison, dies of TB Too young to be executed, sentenced to 20 years in prison, dies of TB

4. 4 Outcome of Princip’s Bullet First conflict of global proportions First conflict of global proportions Conservative estimates of 15 million dead (5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured Conservative estimates of 15 million dead (5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured End of three empires, rise of nine new countries End of three empires, rise of nine new countries Massive global economic dislocations Massive global economic dislocations End of Europe’s domination of globe End of Europe’s domination of globe

5. 5 Larger Causes of World War I 1. Culmination of competing nationalisms Especially in South, Eastern Europe Especially in South, Eastern Europe Self-determination – the idea that people with the same ethnic origins, languages, etc. had the right to form sovereign states. This was being ignored by the dominate empires of Europe. Self-determination – the idea that people with the same ethnic origins, languages, etc. had the right to form sovereign states. This was being ignored by the dominate empires of Europe. This led to independence movements. This led to independence movements. Balkan territories under Ottoman Empire. Balkan territories under Ottoman Empire. Serbia wants independence from Austria-Hungary Serbia wants independence from Austria-Hungary

6. 6 2. Rivalry among Empires Dominance of British Empire declining Dominance of British Empire declining 1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%) 1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%) drops to 14% by 1914 drops to 14% by 1914 Imperial competition Imperial competition Germany latecomer, but aggressive Germany latecomer, but aggressive Small-scale disputes around the globe, esp. in Balkans Small-scale disputes around the globe, esp. in Balkans Naval Competition Naval Competition Arms race between UK and Germany to control seas Arms race between UK and Germany to control seas Decisive for control of trade routes in case of war Decisive for control of trade routes in case of war Construction of dreadnoughts Construction of dreadnoughts

7. 7 3. Inflexible Diplomatic Alliances Agreements of mutual defense Agreements of mutual defense Chain reaction for Global War Chain reaction for Global War Triple Alliance Triple Alliance Germany-Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882 Germany-Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882 Triple Entente Triple Entente Russia, France, UK Russia, France, UK

8. 8 Role of Public Opinion Beginning of media age Beginning of media age Availability of cheap newspapers Availability of cheap newspapers There was a high degree of political participation and extreme patriotism. There was a high degree of political participation and extreme patriotism. Awkward pressure on politicians Awkward pressure on politicians Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support. Sacrifice diplomatic expediency for public support.

9. 9 Concerns of the Triple Alliance Worries over two-front war Worries over two-front war Worries over English domination of the sea Worries over English domination of the sea Worries over possibility of French attack, Russian interference over Austrian Balkan policies Worries over possibility of French attack, Russian interference over Austrian Balkan policies

10. 10 Concerns of the Triple Entente Russia worried about strong German- Austro-Hungarian alliance Russia worried about strong German- Austro-Hungarian alliance UK concerned with maintaining balance of power UK concerned with maintaining balance of power France worried about hostilities with Germany France worried about hostilities with Germany Military pact signed summer 1914 Military pact signed summer 1914 Reciprocal treaty obligations Reciprocal treaty obligations

11. 11 Mutually Threatening War Plans Part of the problem – each nation had made inflexible war plans that required quick action in the event of war. Hard to stop once you start. Part of the problem – each nation had made inflexible war plans that required quick action in the event of war. Hard to stop once you start. French “Plan XVII” French “Plan XVII” Heavy emphasis on rapid offensives Heavy emphasis on rapid offensives German Schlieffen plan German Schlieffen plan Fear of encirclement Fear of encirclement France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia (Theory – Russia would take long to mobilize because of its size. France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia (Theory – Russia would take long to mobilize because of its size.

12. 12 The Chain Reaction 23 July Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs 23 July Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbs 28 July Austrians declare war 28 July Austrians declare war 29 July Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia 29 July Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia 31 July Germany issues ultimatums to Russia, France 31 July Germany issues ultimatums to Russia, France 1 August Germany declares war on Russia, France mobilizes 1 August Germany declares war on Russia, France mobilizes 3 August Germans declare war on France, invade Belgium 3 August Germans declare war on France, invade Belgium 4 August Britain comes to defense of Belgium 4 August Britain comes to defense of Belgium

13. 13 New Military Technology Barbed wire Barbed wire Made it hard for troops to maneuver through “no man’s land”. Made it hard for troops to maneuver through “no man’s land”. Machine Guns Machine Guns Probably the invention that impacted WWI the most. Probably the invention that impacted WWI the most. Gas Gas First used by German troops, 1915 First used by German troops, 1915 Mustard gas, 800,000 casualties Mustard gas, 800,000 casualties Tanks Tanks Initially effective but ground quickly lost to counterattacks Initially effective but ground quickly lost to counterattacks Airplanes Airplanes limited bombing, strafing, used primarily for reconnaissance limited bombing, strafing, used primarily for reconnaissance Dirigibles Dirigibles Submarines Submarines

14. 14 War of Attrition West: three years of stalemate West: three years of stalemate Trenches from English channel to Switzerland Trenches from English channel to Switzerland Because of trench warfare, neither side able to make any headway. Because of trench warfare, neither side able to make any headway. In the south, Italy switches sides due to a promise to get some of Austria-Hungary’s land. In the south, Italy switches sides due to a promise to get some of Austria-Hungary’s land.

15. 15 War in the East Battle lines are more fluid here than in the west. Battle lines are more fluid here than in the west. Austrians and Germans overrun Serbia, Albania, and Romania. Austrians and Germans overrun Serbia, Albania, and Romania. Russia invades Prussia, but is later pushed out and all the way back to Ukraine. Russia invades Prussia, but is later pushed out and all the way back to Ukraine. Russian counterattacks were smashed – which helped lead to the Russian Revolution. Russian counterattacks were smashed – which helped lead to the Russian Revolution.

16. 16 Brutality of New Warfare Unprecedented casualities Unprecedented casualities Verdun, 1916 Verdun, 1916 315,000 French killed 315,000 French killed 280,000 German casualties 280,000 German casualties Less than 160,000 bodies recovered Less than 160,000 bodies recovered The Somme, British gain few thousand yards The Somme, British gain few thousand yards 420,000 casualties 420,000 casualties No significant strategic advantage No significant strategic advantage

17. 17 The Great War

18. 18 Total War: The Home Front Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front” Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front” Government takes command of economies Government takes command of economies Women in the workforce Women in the workforce TNT poisoning: yellow skin, orange hair TNT poisoning: yellow skin, orange hair Bombing of civilian areas by Zeppelins Bombing of civilian areas by Zeppelins Civilians can now be targeted in war. Civilians can now be targeted in war. The British naval blockade of Germany caused contributed to the death of a half million Germans. The British naval blockade of Germany caused contributed to the death of a half million Germans.

19. 19 War Propaganda Maintenance of public support for war Maintenance of public support for war Untruths – try and depict the enemy as subhuman savages. Untruths – try and depict the enemy as subhuman savages. London Times prints a story that says Germans are converting human corpses into fertilizer and even food. London Times prints a story that says Germans are converting human corpses into fertilizer and even food. Irony: disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief in WWII atrocities more difficult Irony: disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief in WWII atrocities more difficult

20. 20 Suspending Civil Liberties Governments tried to maintain the spirit of the home front and counter threats to national security. Governments tried to maintain the spirit of the home front and counter threats to national security. Restricted civil liberties – could be tried as a traitor for speaking out against the government and its handling of the war. Restricted civil liberties – could be tried as a traitor for speaking out against the government and its handling of the war. Censored bad news. Censored bad news.

21. 21 Global Involvement Three reasons for the war’s expansion. Three reasons for the war’s expansion. 1) War spilled over into colonies. 1) War spilled over into colonies. Especially in Africa Especially in Africa 2) Needed more people – pull them from the colonies. 2) Needed more people – pull them from the colonies. Men from Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa fought for the British – most well known for the Battle of Gallipoli. Men from Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa fought for the British – most well known for the Battle of Gallipoli. Other Powers did the same Other Powers did the same 3) Other nations join the war – U.S., Japan and the Ottoman Empire. 3) Other nations join the war – U.S., Japan and the Ottoman Empire.

22. 22 USA Enters the War US and the war economy US and the war economy Sale of goods to the Allies Sale of goods to the Allies Debts to American banks Debts to American banks US neutrality a mirage US neutrality a mirage German blockade of British overseas trade German blockade of British overseas trade Submarine patrols Submarine patrols Sinking of Lusitania, 7 May 1915 Sinking of Lusitania, 7 May 1915 1,198 lives lost (128 US) 1,198 lives lost (128 US) Carried munitions Carried munitions US declares war April 1917 US declares war April 1917

23. 23 Japan enters WWI Want to take advantage of the war in Europe in order to create an empire in Asia. Want to take advantage of the war in Europe in order to create an empire in Asia. Demand the German – leased territory Jiaozhou in northeastern China. Demand the German – leased territory Jiaozhou in northeastern China. Also demanded that Germany withdraw ships from Japanese and Chinese waters. Also demanded that Germany withdraw ships from Japanese and Chinese waters. When Germany refuses, Japan enters the war on the side of the allies. When Germany refuses, Japan enters the war on the side of the allies.

24. 24 Japan cont. They use this as an excuse to take German possessions in Asia. They use this as an excuse to take German possessions in Asia. Possessions in China Possessions in China German held islands German held islands Then they presented China with 21 secret demands. Then they presented China with 21 secret demands. Would have made China a protectorate of Japan. Would have made China a protectorate of Japan. They accepted some of the demands, which led to the future pressures on China by Japan. They accepted some of the demands, which led to the future pressures on China by Japan.

25. 25 The Ottoman Empire Successfully held off the Allies at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. Successfully held off the Allies at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. After this, they retreat slowly on all fronts. After this, they retreat slowly on all fronts. Important note: during the Battle of Gallipoli, the commander of the Turkish division launched the political career of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) Important note: during the Battle of Gallipoli, the commander of the Turkish division launched the political career of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) Arab revolts against the Ottoman Empire helped lead to its eventual defeat. Arab revolts against the Ottoman Empire helped lead to its eventual defeat.

26. 26 Collapse of the Russian Empire Russia: February Revolution, 1917 Russia: February Revolution, 1917 Germany smuggles Lenin into Provisional Government Russia Germany smuggles Lenin into Provisional Government Russia October Revolution, creation of the USSR October Revolution, creation of the USSR Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic countries, Ukraine to central Powers Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic countries, Ukraine to central Powers This blow was more than offset by the entry of the United States on the side of the Allies. This blow was more than offset by the entry of the United States on the side of the Allies.

27. 27 Russian Revolution In the spring of 1917, disintegrating armies, mutinies, and food shortages caused a series of riots In the spring of 1917, disintegrating armies, mutinies, and food shortages caused a series of riots Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the throne. Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the throne. Provisional government does not get Russia out of the war. Provisional government does not get Russia out of the war. Soviets, which were socialist revolutionary councils, called for more power. Soviets, which were socialist revolutionary councils, called for more power. Enter Lenin Enter Lenin

28. 28 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Marxist living in exile in Switzerland. Marxist living in exile in Switzerland. Grew up in a moderately prosperous family. Grew up in a moderately prosperous family. Shortly after his father’s death, his brother was hanged his older brother who was implicated in a plot to kill the tsar. Shortly after his father’s death, his brother was hanged his older brother who was implicated in a plot to kill the tsar. Goes back to Russia and takes control of the Bolsheviks. Goes back to Russia and takes control of the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks staged a coup and took control of the government. The Bolsheviks staged a coup and took control of the government. Then signed the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk. Then signed the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk.

29. 29 Defeat of the Central Powers Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans surrender Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans surrender Armistice: 11 November 1918 Armistice: 11 November 1918

30. 30 The Paris Peace Conference Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States No Central Powers representation No Central Powers representation Soviets not invited. Soviets not invited. A dictated peace A dictated peace Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduce arms, look at interests of colonial peoples and the League of Nations Freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduce arms, look at interests of colonial peoples and the League of Nations Only one really accepted is the League of Nations Only one really accepted is the League of Nations

31. 31 Treaty of Versailles Germany has to accept responsibility for the war. Germany has to accept responsibility for the war. Had to pay huge reparations Had to pay huge reparations Germany has to demilitarize Germany has to demilitarize Could not have navy or air force. Could not have navy or air force. Limited size of army to 100,000. Limited size of army to 100,000. Germany and Austria forbidden to form an alliance. Germany and Austria forbidden to form an alliance.

32. 32 The End of the Ottoman Empire Treaty of Sèvres (1920) removes Balkan and Arab provinces, allows for European occupation of south and east Anatolia Treaty of Sèvres (1920) removes Balkan and Arab provinces, allows for European occupation of south and east Anatolia Basically dissolves the Ottoman Empire. Basically dissolves the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) leads uprising against Sultanate, creates Republic of Turkey Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) leads uprising against Sultanate, creates Republic of Turkey Allies recognize republic in Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Allies recognize republic in Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Intensely secular government, women’s rights Intensely secular government, women’s rights

33. 33 The League of Nations League of Nations created by diplomats in Paris League of Nations created by diplomats in Paris 42 original member-states, 26 non- European 42 original member-states, 26 non- European Application of Wilson’s concept of “self- determination” Application of Wilson’s concept of “self- determination” Mandate system created to control formerly colonized areas Mandate system created to control formerly colonized areas

34. 34 The League’s Weaknesses It had no power to enforce the decisions it made. It had no power to enforce the decisions it made. It relied on collective security to preserve global peace. It relied on collective security to preserve global peace. An attack on one member nation meant an attack against every member nation. An attack on one member nation meant an attack against every member nation. Problem – many of the great powers would not participate – U.S. never joins, Germany, Italy and Japan leave, Soviet Union expelled. Problem – many of the great powers would not participate – U.S. never joins, Germany, Italy and Japan leave, Soviet Union expelled.

35. 35 Self-determination Unfortunately, when the European map was being redrawn, the concept of self determination was not always used. Unfortunately, when the European map was being redrawn, the concept of self determination was not always used. 1/3 of people did not speak Polish 1/3 of people did not speak Polish Yugoslavia made up of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Yugoslavia made up of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

36. 36 Territorial changes

37. 37 Arab Nations European powers did not give the various Arab powers independence. European powers did not give the various Arab powers independence. This went against wartime promises This went against wartime promises Promised Arab nationalists independence from the Ottoman Empire and Jewish nationalists a home in Palestine. Promised Arab nationalists independence from the Ottoman Empire and Jewish nationalists a home in Palestine. They lied to both. They lied to both. Britain and France effectively ruled over much of the Middle East. Britain and France effectively ruled over much of the Middle East.

38. 38 Territorial changes

39. 39 A Weakened Europe Hard to overcome the financial cost of war. Hard to overcome the financial cost of war. Lost overseas investments and foreign markets. Lost overseas investments and foreign markets. The United States was a debtor nation in 1914, owing billions of dollars to European investors, by 1919 it was a major creditor. The United States was a debtor nation in 1914, owing billions of dollars to European investors, by 1919 it was a major creditor. Also caused a weakening of the grip on colonies. Also caused a weakening of the grip on colonies.