1. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHARUCH Chemical Engineering Department Sem-III Subject : Process calculation Topic : Type of Fuels

2. Group -3 Name of Members 130140105013 Kathiriya Pratik 130140105014 Kevadiya Jhanvi 130140105015 Khoradiya Ravi 130140105016 Lakhiya Brijesh 130140105017 Marvaniya Chirag 130140105018 Mehata Parth

3. TYPES OF FUELS FUELS solid gases liquid Natural synthetic natural synthe natural synthetic -tic

4. SOLID FUELS  NATURAL FUEL :- Coal, wood, etc.  SYNTHETIC FUEL :- Coke, rice, husk, saw dust etc.  Coal is sedimentary rock of vegetable origin.  calorific value of coal is 21 to 33 MJ/Kg.  Calorific value of values of coal are principally determined by carbon in the fluid.

5. ~Physical properties Heating or calorific value (GCV) Moisture content Volatile matter Ash ~ Chemical properties Chemical constituents: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur

6. Proximate analysis of coal Determines only fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash Useful to find out heating value (GCV) Simple analysis equipment Ultimate analysis of coal Determines all coal component elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, other Useful for furnace design (e.g flame temperature, flue duct design) Laboratory analysis

7. LIQUID FUEL  NATURAL FUEL :- crude oil  SYNTHETIC FUEL :- gasoline, kerosene, diesel, petrol etc.  All liquid fuels are organic in nature.  It have negligible water and mostly contain C, H, S, O.  GCV is reported with ultimate analysis.

8. ~Density: Ratio of the fuel’s mass to its volume at 15 o C, kg/m 3 ~Specific gravity : Ratio of weight of oil volume to weight of same water volume at a given temperature Specific gravity of water is 1 Hydrometer used to measure ~ Viscosity Measure of fuel’s internal resistance to flow Most important characteristic for storage and use Decreases as temperature increases ~Flash point Lowest temperature at which a fuel can be heated so that the vapour gives off flashes when an open flame is passes over it Flash point of furnace oil: 66 o C

9. Gaseous fuel  NATURAL FUEL:- natural gas  SYNTHETIC FUEL :- LPG, DME etc.  are ideal for complete combustion.  DME[dimethyl ether]:- it is also a high heating value fuel for auto vehicles, power generator and boilers.

10. Classification of gaseous fuel (A) Fuels naturally found in nature - Natural gas - Methane from coal mines (B) Fuel gases made from solid fuel - Gases derived from coal - Gases derived from waste and biomass - From other industrial processes (C) Gases made from petroleum - Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG) - Refinery gases - Gases from oil gasification

11. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Propane,butane and unsaturates, lighter C2 and heavier C5 fractions Hydrocarbons are gaseous at atmospheric pressure but can be condensed to liquid state LPG vapour is denser than air: leaking gases can flow long distances from the source Natural gas Methane: 95% Remaing 5%: ethane, propane, butane, pentane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, other gases High calorific value fuel Does not require storage facilities No sulphur Mixes readily with air without producing smoke or soot

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