1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Before the Industrial Revolution… Families worked on farms in the open air The families would barter for needs Made villages almost self sufficient cottage-industry Families supplemented their incomes with cottage-industry

3. Before the Industrial Revolution… Homemade goods that could be produced in the home during free time and sold for money. (spinning, weaving, sewing) Cottage-industry - Homemade goods that could be produced in the home during free time and sold for money. (spinning, weaving, sewing)

4. Before the Industrial Revolution… Children worked on the farms Power was provided by people, animals, watermills, and windmills Transportation was provided by animal drawn wagons and by foot. The Family was the basis of the agricultural economy

5. Before the Industrial Revolution… Transportation inland transport by navigable rivers and roads, coastal vessels moved heavy goods by sea. Early railways or wagons used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment. Animal motive power on land, sails on sea.

6. Agricultural Revolution - The Enclosure Movement - Wealthy landowner buying up the land of the small farmers – Effect – Effect - small farmers forced to move to the cities or become tenant farmers.

7. Agricultural Revolution More Food = More Workers! New inventions make farming and animal rearing more efficient. – Effect – Effect – New farming methods (crop rotation,) animal breeding (purposely breed the biggest and best,) and machinery (seed drill) helped improve production and profits. – –Yields up 300% from1700-1850

8. ORIGINS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Began in England Spread to Western Europe and United States as technology for machines spreads. Atlantic Ocean

9. England? Why England? Origin in England, because… natural resources - coal, iron ore invention and improvement of the steam engine – powered by coal! No civil strife, stable government. Laissez-faire –gov’t should not interfere with working conditions and employee wages. – –Created and supported by early industrialists and factory owners

10. England, Workshop of the World! Originated in England, because… –Availability of 3 major factors of production required for industrialization: Land – space for factories, ease of transportation – lots of inner waterways Land – space for factories, ease of transportation – lots of inner waterways Labor – larger population = more people to work! Labor – larger population = more people to work! Capitol - British business class had large profits to invest (capitalism) Capitol - British business class had large profits to invest (capitalism)

11. Need for Raw Materials Increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa to fuel production and replace resources depleted at home. Industrial nations sought: – – Control of markets (people to buy the goods they make) – – Control of sources of new materials (what might this be referring to??) **The Industrial Revolution was fueled by capitalism and market competition Such As??

12. During the Industrial Revolution…. Families left farms to find work in factories in cities urbanization Cottage industry replaced by manufactured goods, especially textiles… Where are manufactured goods produced??

13. During the Industrial Revolution…. Urbanization – People move to the cities. crowded, dirty, filled with diseases and factory pollution

14. Living conditions were poor: no sanitation or building codes. Large families living in a one bedroom (or less) apartment. Fire was a constant threat… The New Industrial City we’re movin on up!

15. More powerful than water is coal, more powerful than wood is iron.. Innovations make steel feasible. “Puddling” [1784] – “pig iron” brittle, limited use. “Hot blast” [1828] – cheaper, purer steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel. England Leads in the Steel Industry

16. …And Textiles introduction of power-driven machinery marked the beginning of the age of the modern factory YearLoomsWorkers 18032400150,000 182014,650173,000 183385,000200,000 1850224,000> 1 Million

17. Transportation – Places to be People to see! During the Industrial Revolution…. turnpike roads, canals, and railways developed and improved. Steam engine ships and locomotives speed travel time. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before.

18. He’s Leavin on that Midnight Train to… London?

19. Who Worked? Men, women, and even the youngest children. Women and children could be hired for cheaper wages than men! – –Kept costs of production low and profits high. Many men put out of a job, competition for work became harsh

20. Factory Worker Ages Lancashire, 1830 AgeMalesFemales under 11246155 11 - 161,1691,123 17 - 217361,240 22 - 26612780 27 - 31355295 32 - 36215100 37 - 4116881 42 - 469838 47 - 518823 52 - 56414 57 - 61283

21. Child “hurriers” Child Labor in the Mines

22. South Wales Mines – Voices from the Past Six year old girl: "I have been down six weeks and make 10 to 14 rakes a day; I carry a full 56 lbs. of coal in a wooden bucket. I work with sister Jesse and mother. It is dark the time we go.“ Jane Peacock Watson. "I have wrought in the bowels of the earth 33 years. I have been married 23 years and had nine children, six are alive and three died of typhus a few years since. Have had two dead born. Horse-work ruins the women; it crushes their haunches, bends their ankles and makes them old women at 40. “ Mary and Rachell Enock, ages 11 and 12 years. "We are door-keepers in the four foot level. We leave the house before six each morning and are in the level until seven o'clock and sometimes later. We get 2p a day and our light costs us 2 1/2 p. a week. Rachel was in a day school and she can read a little. She was run over by a tram a while ago and was home ill a long time, but she has got over it.“ Isabel Wilson, 38 years old. "I have been married 19 years and have had 10 bairns [children]:... My last child was born on Saturday morning, and I was at work on the Friday night... None of the children read, as the work is no regular..When I go below my lassie 10 years of age keeps house..."

23. The Nature of Work in the Factory System Owners of mines and factories had control over the lives of their laborers – worker housing, company stores… Average work week - 14 hours a day/6 days. Mundane and repetitive work paying very low wages Terrible conditions

24. Worker Housing in Manchester

25. Workers Housing in… NewcastleLancashire

26. Nature of Factory Work: Abuses poor lighting dirty debilitating accidents and death were common dangerous machines did not operate very well few windows & poor ventilation caused pneumonia and lung diseases. no workman’s compensation or disability programs! factory owners and foreman could be abusive toward workers Constant fear of losing one’s job and ease of replacement kept workers in dangerous sites

27. Textile Workers in Wilson's Mill, Nottingham Hannah Goode: "I work at Mr. Wilson's mill. I think the youngest child is about 7. I daresay there are 20 under 9 years. It is about half past five by our clock at home when we go in....We come out at seven by the mill. We never stop to take our meals, except at dinner. William Crookes is overlooker in our room. He is cross-tempered sometimes. He does not beat me; he beats the little children if they do not do their work right....I have sometimes seen the little children drop asleep or so, but not lately. If they are catched asleep they get the strap. They are always very tired at night....I can read a little; I can't write. I used to go to school before I went to the mill; I have since I am sixteen." Mrs. Smith: "I have three children working in Wilson's mill; one 11, one 13, and the other 14. They work regular hours there. We don't complain. If they go to drop the hours, I don't know what poor people will do. We have hard work to live as it is....My husband is of the same mind about it...last summer my husband was 6 weeks ill; we pledged almost all our things to live; the things are not all out of pawn yet....We complain of nothing but short wages...My children have been in the mill three years. I have no complaint to make of their being beaten...I would rather they were beaten than fined." [Source; Factory Inquiry Commission, Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, 1833. Found in Hellerstein, Hume & Offen, Victorian Women: A Documentary Accounts of Women's Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France and the United States, Stanford University Press]

28. Factory Wages Lancashire, 1830 Age of WorkerMale WagesFemale Wages under 112s 3d.2s. 4d. 11 - 164s. 1d.4s. 3d. 17 - 2110s. 2d.7s. 3d. 22 - 2617s. 2d.8s. 5d. 27 - 3120s. 4d.8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. (less than $2) 8s. 9d. 37 - 4121s. 7d.9s. 8d. 42 - 4620s. 3d.9s. 3d. 47 - 5116s. 7d.8s. 10d. 52 - 5616s. 4d.8s. 4d. 57 - 6113s. 6d.6s. 4d. (per day)

29. Rise of Labor Unions WHY? – –Increase wages – –Improve working conditions – –More workers’ righ ts

30. Workers Fight Back! Labor Unions HOW? Encouraged worker organized strikes Lobbied for laws to improve lives of workers Collective bargaining - negotiation b/w owners and employees to prevent strikes!

31. New Problems to Fix! Governments fail to provide workers protective legislation till 1830’s Factory Act of 1833, Mine Act of 1842, Ten Hours Act of 1847 – None popular with poor women, WHY??? Women Step Up Wealthy and well educated women try to help the city’s poor. Work with unions and support of abolition of slavery leads to fight for equal suffrage. Education Reform Factory conditions lead people to see need for education of young. Free public education! U.S. most states by1850’s, Europe by late 1800’s.

32. New Class of People Middle class on the rise – skilled workers, professionals, business people, factory owners, shippers, and merchants. Middle class benefited more from the revolution than any other class, rich resented it.

33. New Inventions! The Ideas that Changed the Modern World Water FrameFlying Shuttle

34. James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny: produced cloth faster (1764)

35. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Developed the smallpox vaccination. Smallpox was killing thousand of children each year in Europe. 60% of people caught smallpox, with 20% of the pop. dying of it.

36. Louis Pasteur Discovered bacteria in milk, leads to process of pasteurization (1862) Proved that most infections were caused by germs.

37. Eli Whitney Invented the Cotton Gin (1793)

38. James Watt Improved the Steam Engine (1776)

39. Henry Bessemer Developed the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass- production of steel (1855) Bessemer Process!

40. Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Slavery Increase! Cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations. Demise! U.S. and Britain eventually outlawed the slave trade and then slavery GB: 1833 US: 1865

41. Different Views – Changing Economy Capitalism – –Economic system based on private ownership, investment of $$ (capitol) and business ventures to make a profit. – –Adam Smith – Wrote, Wealth of Nations (1776) believed government should not interfere with the economy (laissez faire). Father of Capitalism

42. Effects of Capitalism Industrial vs. agricultural economies Market Competition ! – –manufacturers compete to produce the best product for the lowest price. Emphasis on individual responsibility – – –Anyone can be a business owner right?? Increased supply of goods Criticisms of Capitalism Uneven distribution of wealth Poor conditions of labor, no regulation The “haves” take advantage of the “have nots”

43. Responses to Capitalism Socialism – production is owned and operated by the people. – –Government should have an active role in planning the economy. – –This idea would end poverty. Communism - an economic system – all means of production are owned by the people. private property does not exist, all goods and services are shared equally Can that actually happen??

44. Responses to Capitalism Karl Marx Father of communism Wrote The Communist Manifesto A pamphlet co-authored w/ Friedrich Engels – response to Injustices! of capitalism From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. Suggested course of action for a Proletariat (working class) to revolt and overthrow capitalism and bourgeoisie (middle class) The revolution would lead to a classless society w/ no need for government and a more even redistribution of wealth. Wrote Das Kapital Critical analysis of capitalism

45. Big Picture! What Changed?? Review Industrialization by 1850

46. Impacts of Industrial Revolution on Industrialized Countries Population increased Increase in the standard of living (not for all) Improved transportation Urbanization Growth of middle class Environmental pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

47. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution Women and children entered the workplace as cheap labor Women increased demand for suffrage (right to vote) Education expanded Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions Abolition of slavery – England in 1833..United States in 1865

48. What is Causing these Changes? England17501900 Population7 Million37 Million People Living in Towns 13 %87 % Life Expectancy Men Women 31 33 Men Women 45 48 Deaths at Birth65 %15 % Was it worth it?? At what cost did society advance during the industrial revolution??