1. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 31 Geography Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica: Migration and Conquest China and India influenced Southeast Asia, while Pacific islanders remained isolated. Eventually, European colonization greatly altered the entire region.

2. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica: Migration and Conquest SECTION 2 SECTION 1 Southeast Asia Oceania Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica SECTION 3

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Southeast Asia Section-1 Influenced by China and India, Southeast Asia developed many vibrant, complex cultures. European colonialism left a legacy that continues to affect the region’s politics and economics.

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Early History China rules northern Vietnam from 111 B.C. to A.D. 393 India’s Hinduism, Buddhism influence regional religion, art Early Southeast Asian states don’t have set borders − mandalas—rings of state power around central court − Khmer Empire—Cambodian mandala that lasts from 800s to 1400s Nations in the Region A Long History of Diversity Southeast Asia Section-1 Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar − also the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Continued…

5. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography A Long History of Diversity {continued} Powerful States From 1300 to 1800 five powerful states exist in Southeast Asia − in today’s Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Java, Malay Peninsula − similar to mandalas, but larger and more complex Burmese, Vietnamese, Thai, Javanese national identities develop Urbanization takes place, large cities grow − Malay Peninsula’s Malacca has 100,000 people in early 1500s

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Colonialism and Its Aftermath European Control States trade with Arabian, Indian merchants; Islam grows in islands In 1509, Europeans mostly seek money, not colonies Europe controls area’s trade, money goes to Europe By 1900, all of region, except Siam (Thailand), is colonized Colonies forced to farm commodities: rubber, sugar, rice, tea, coffee Nationalism unites allies against rulers Continued…

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Colonialism and Its Aftermath {continued} Independence Japan seeks “Asia for Asians,” occupies, exploits region during WWII After war, states seek independence Indochina—French colonial Cambodia, Laos, North, South Vietnam − Vietnamese defeat French in 1954, win independence for all Indochina U.S. becomes involved in Vietnam War (1957-1975) − tries to stop Communist control of South Vietnam − U.S. leaves in 1973, South Vietnam surrenders in 1975 − Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos become Communist

8. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography An Uneven Economy Traditional Economies Agriculture is region’s main income source; rice is chief food crop − Myanmar is heavily forested; produces teak wood Lack of industry − Vietnam War destroyed factories, roads − war refugees left region, reduced work force − political turmoil in Cambodia, Myanmar blocks growth Vietnam builds industry, seeks foreign investment and trade Continued…

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography An Uneven Economy {continued} Industry and Finance Some countries have more highly developed economies − Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand − form economic alliance ASEAN—Association of Southeast Asian Nations − other four Southeast Asian countries join ASEAN after 1994 Nations don’t industrialize until 1960s − industries: agriculture, textile, clothing, electronic products − Singapore is a finance center

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography A Rich Mosaic of Culture Religious Diversity Includes Buddhism; Catholicism (Philippines); Islam (Indonesia) − other religions are Hinduism and traditional, local beliefs Rich Artistic Legacy Buddhism, Hinduism influence region’s sculpture, architecture − Cambodia’s ancient temple complex of Angkor Wat − Thailand’s Buddhist temples show modern religious architecture Thailand, Indonesia have traditional costumed story dances

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography The Cities Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Singapore are modern business cities Housing shortage forces migrants into slums Changing Lifestyles The Villages Wood houses on stilts protect against floods In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Buddhist temple is center of village life Traditional clothing includes longyi—long, wrapped skirt of Myanmar

12. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Oceania Section-2 Settled in ancient times by migrating Southeast Asians, Oceania developed three cultural regions. Contact with Europeans and Americans disrupted the islanders’ traditional ways of life.

13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Nations in the Region A History of the Islands Oceania Section-2 All, except Nauru, are island groups − Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia − Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa − Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu Continued…

14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography A History of the Islands {continued} First Islanders Prehistoric people come from mainland by land bridges, rafts, canoes − use voyaging canoes to travel as far as Hawaii, Madagascar Three geographic, cultural regions: − Micronesia—“tiny islands” − Melanesia—“black islands” − Polynesia—“many islands” Continued…

15. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography A History of the Islands {continued} Contact with the West Europeans explore Pacific in 1500s Missionaries try to convert islanders to Christianity in 1800s Traders seek coconut oil; sailors hunt whales − settlers grow coconuts, coffee, pineapples, sugar on plantations Westerners replace traditions; local societies decline − Europe, U.S. turn islands into territories, possessions Continued…

16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography A History of the Islands {continued} Recent History Fierce WWII battles fought in Pacific between Allies and Japan − after war, U.S. and others use islands to test nuclear weapons Many islands have gradually moved toward self-rule − 12 nations have become independent since 1962 − foreigners still rule the other islands

17. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography A Traditional Economy Agriculture In most economies, people work at subsistence activities − a family produces the food, clothing, shelter it needs High islands’ soil supports crops − bananas, sugar, cocoa, coffee, copra—dried coconut meat Fishing is major source of income Other Economic Activities Nauru, Papua New Guinea have mining activities Tourism threatens environment, traditional lives

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Culture of the Islands The Arts Arts and crafts are sometimes sold to tourists − baskets and mats woven from palm leaves, carved wooden masks Language and Religion Very linguistically diverse region includes 1,100 languages − Papua New Guineans speak 823 languages Christianity is most widespread religion due to missionaries − some islanders practice traditional religions

19. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Island Life Traditional Life Polynesian villages were led by chiefs; societies were warlike − fishing, farming economies − taro—starchy root that makes poi—a major crop Micronesians were more peaceful, lived in extended family groups − fishing villages on coasts; farming, hunting, gathering inland Continued…

20. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Islands Life {continued} Recent Change Few cities, but they’re growing − people move for education, jobs − fast growth means shantytowns, bad sanitation − urban dwellers giving up traditional ways Modern communication links island groups, connects Oceania to world

21. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica Section-3 Both Australia and New Zealand were colonized by Europeans and still have a strong European heritage. Because of its harsh climate Antarctica has no permanent settlements.

22. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography European explorers arrive in 1600s, 1700s − Captain James Cook explores New Zealand (1769), Australia (1770) Antarctica is discovered in 1820 The Original Inhabitants History: Distant European Outposts Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica Section-3 Aboriginal people migrate to Australia from Asia 40,000 years ago − hunter-gatherers with complex religious beliefs, social structures New Zealand settled by Maori—migrated from Polynesia 1,000 years ago Early Explorers Continued…

23. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography History: Distant European Outposts {continued} European Settlement In 1788 Britain colonizes Australia − Sydney founded as a penal colony—a place to send prisoners Hunters, whalers from U.S., Europe, Australia colonize New Zealand British fight Australian Aborigines; spread European diseases With 1840 Treaty of Waitangi Britain controls New Zealand Gold discoveries in Australia (1851), New Zealand (1861) draw people

24. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Modern Nations {continued} Rights and Land Claims Australian colonies become independent in 1901, New Zealand in 1907 In 1893, New Zealand is first country to give women the vote In both countries, native people have less education, more poverty Issues Australian movement to leave British Commonwealth is defeated in 1999 1959 Antarctica treaty preserves unsettled continent for research − 18 countries have scientific research stations, 7 claim territory

25. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography New Zealand sells butter, cheese, meat, wool − in 1998, had 15 times more sheep and cattle than people − crops include vegetables, fruit Australia’s sheep ranching makes it the world’s largest wool exporter Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter Agriculture Continued…

26. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter {continued} Mining Australia has diamonds, lead, zinc, opals − also bauxite, coal, copper, gold, iron ore Deposits are far from cities so mining operations are costly − Australian companies forced to turn to foreign investors − these investors control 1/2 of Australia’s mining industry Continued…

27. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter {continued} Manufacturing and Service Australia doesn’t rely heavily on manufacturing Major industry in Australia, New Zealand is food-product processing − New Zealand also produces wood, paper products 60% of Australia’s jobs are in service industries The Economic Future Both nations want to develop economies less dependent on agriculture − difficult to compete with Asia’s cheaper labor

28. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Distinctive Cultures Australia’s Culture Most Australians are of British descent − but many immigrate from places like Greece, Italy, Southeast Asia − over 20% are foreign born; 1% are Aboriginal Christianity is major religion; most people speak English Ancient Aborigines painted human, animal figures on rock walls Australian arts include painters like Russell Drysdale, novelists Continued…

29. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Distinctive Cultures {continued} New Zealand’s Culture Mostly British, European descent; pakehas is Maori term for whites − 5% of people are descended from Maori British, Maori cultural mix—English, Maori are official languages − Christianity is main religion Maori art includes woodcarving, poetic legends Creative figures include authors Janet Frame, Ngaio Marsh − filmmakers Jane Campion, Peter Jackson

30. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 31 Geography Recreation Tennis, rugby, soccer, Australian rules football are popular − New Zealand has skiing, mountain climbing Modern Life City and Country Both countries highly urbanized: 85% of people live in cities, towns − Australia’s large cities have pollution, traffic problems − New Zealand’s cities are quiet, uncrowded, pollution-free In both countries, ranchers live far from cities

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