1. Stone Age Mrs. Kerr Social Studies 7 th Grade

2. DatingDating Fossils and Artifacts  How do scientist such as anthropologists or archeologists determine how long ago an artifact was created, or how long ago a fossilized creature lived?

3. Radio Carbon Dating  One method used is called __________ __________ ________.  All living things on Earth are made up of a __________________of an element called Carbon. Most carbon on Earth is not _______________________, but a very small percentage is. Thus, as living things take in carbon, they inevitably will take up a small amount of _____________ __________into their bodies.  When these life forms ______, they stop taking in new carbon. The carbon in their bodies at the time of their death will remain in their bodies until they decompose, or if they become ___________, then _______________.  _______________ ___________decays at a known rate. This allows _____________to look at the amount of decay in a ___________radioactive carbon, and determine a relative date.

4. Stone Age  One of the most important advancements in human history was the development and use of tools. Tools allowed hominids to become the _____________ of their environments, to ______, to __________, and to ___________ important tasks that made life ________for them. The first __________ were made out of __________.  Thus, _______________refer to the period of time before ____________history as the ________ __________.

5. Divisions of the Stone Age ______________ – Old Stone Age began about 2 million years ago with the development of the first tools by Homo Habilis, and lasted until around ____________ years ago. _______________ -Middle Stone Age began around 12,000 years ago, and continued through about ___________ years ago _______________ – _______ _______ _____lasted from 8,000 years until around _______ years ago

6. Influences on the Development of man during the Stone Age  Ice ___________  _______________ of tools  Development of ______________

7. . Ice Age  Cooler temperatures forced change on early ____________. They either had to adapt to their new ______________, migrate, or perish. Land bridges allowed hominids to migrate to new lands such as the Americas, Japan, Malaysia, and Australia. ____________ temperatures spawned the development of clothes, and the discovery and mastery of __________.

8. Making of Tools

10. Development of language  The first simple languages spoken by Homo erectus likely developed around __________ years ago.  Prior to __________ languages, _____________ of a group communicated with one another by ___________ or through _________ ________, and hand gestures.  ______________ language allowed group members to exchange complex thoughts and ideas, and pass on their ______________ from one _______________ to the next.

11. Prehistoric Humans  Little is known about the lives of early human beings. The evidence suggests that the first human beings lived in __________ along the ____________ coast of Africa.  This region provided ample supplies of food, as well as a ____________ climate.  It is believed that the men probably traveled in hunting packs or groups into the mainland looking for big _______________, while the women stayed near the coast.  _____________________ and _________________ have traced human history back some 4.4.million years

12. The Development of Man  ______________  Handy Man  _____________ ______________  Neanderthal  _________________  Homo Sapiens

13. Early Hominids  Human like animals that walked upright were known as hominids. It is believed that the earliest hominids lived around _____________years ago in the humid forests of eastern and ________ Africa.  It is believed were around _________ to _______ feet _____, and probably fed on leaves, fruits, and the remains of dead animals.  There is no evidence that Australopithecus made their own _____________.  There is however strong evidence that they used _________, and __________ to help them dig, and __________ themselves.  Lucy is from this group of ______________.

14. Homo Habilis (Handy Man)  Homo habilis, which means ‘________ ________ ______’. It is believed that Homo habilis lived until about 1.5 million years ago.  He was the ___________ to create and use __________.  These creatures lived in Africa from about until around 1.5 million years ago. Homo habilis (______ ______) probably lived alongside Australopithecus ( _________ __________). However, their larger bodies, and brains would have given them a clear _______________

15. Homo Erectus or Upright Man  The _________ type of early human living on the Earth was Homo erectus which means ‘________ _____ ________ _________’. Homo erectus lived on the Earth until about 150,000 years ago.  Historians believe that Homo erectus began as ______________ but advanced over many generations into ______________.  With the discovery of ________, Homo erectus became even more adept at ____________. Fire allowed them to cook their food, to stay warm in cool _____________, and to utilize caves as __________.

16. Homo Erectus ( Continued )  In order to keep warm, Homo erectus began utilizing _____________. This began with individuals placing ________ __________over their bodies, and became more advanced as they learned to stitch animal skins together using stripes of ___________.  Some evidence suggests that Homo habilis may have been the first to leave ____________.

17. Homo Erectus Fossil evidence shows that Homo erectus had arrived in ___________ by around 460,000 years ago, and in __________ around 400,000 years ago. The first simple ___________ spoken by Homo erectus likely developed around 500,000 years ago. This would have been a dramatic ______________, of paramount importance. Died out suddenly at the beginning of the _____________ Age

18. Homo Sapiens  The final types of hominid living on the Earth are Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens means ‘_______ _______ _____ _____’. All humans living on the Earth today are Homo sapiens  ___________ and ____-_________ are two types of homo sapiens. . With the arrival of Homo sapiens, this all changed. The speed of advancements increased dramatically. Instead of thousands of years, great progress was made in _________ or even _________ of years.

19.  It is believed that _________ humans like you and I first originated on the Earth around 50,000 years ago in Africa. These modern humans are referred to by historians as ______ ________. Within just a few thousand years these modern humans had spread to every __________ across the entire planet, and onto many islands.

20. Neanderthal  The first Homo sapiens are believed to have been the Neanderthals. Neanderthal _______ first appeared on the Earth around 200,000 years ago, in ___________.  Neanderthals were around _____foot in height. They had thick sturdy bones, and _________ shoulders, _____, arms, and _________. The Neanderthals also had a large brain. In fact, their brain was slightly __________ than that of modern humans.

21. Neanderthal and Tools  Like earlier hominids, Neanderthals made and used _____. However, the tools produced by the ____________ were much more advanced than those used by their predecessors.  Neanderthals learned to create specialized ______, and __________ tools by chipping away at the edge of a rock.

22. Neanderthal Shelters  The Neanderthal lived throughout a widely divergent ________ and habitat. These peoples adapted quickly to new _____________. Some lived in caves, while others built shelters out of branches and animal _____. Still others dug pits and covered them with branches, animal skins, and _______.

23. Neanderthal and the After life  There is strong evidence that the Neanderthal had a belief in the ________. Burial plots have been found where the dead were covered with ________, and buried with food, and with the tools they would need in the next life.

24.  There is also evidence that Neanderthal cared for their sick and injured. ________ remains show serious injuries, such as ______ ______, which had healed completely. It is even possible that Neanderthal used _______. ______

25. Cro-Magnon Man  Cro-Magnons were ________than the Neanderthal, but they were not as _______. A very important advantage is that they had much improved ______________, languages, and ________ over those of the Neanderthals.

26.  As Cro –Magnon man migrated outward from _________, it is believed that they wiped out ______________, either by absorbing them through intermarriage, or by destroying them through war and _____________.

27.  The advanced _______ and _________ of Cro-Magnons allowed them to quickly adapt to, and master their _____________.  In addition to stone, Cro-Magnons used other materials for making _______. These materials included ______, antlers, _______, and ivory

28.  With these new materials, they were able to create _______ blades, needles for sewing, and ___________for fishing. Cro-Magnons also invented new kinds of _______ _________ weapons, such as bow and arrows and spear ____________._______

29.  _________ allowed humans to chop down trees. Evidence has been found to show that early humans used some of these logs to make _________.  New ___________ dramatically increased the amount of food available. This in turn allowed for the population of Cro- Magnon to ___________.

30. Cro-Magnon Social Life  At first, Cro-Magnon life was not all that different from the lives of earlier hominids. They lived in caves, or _________ structures, and spent their lives hunting and _________ in small groups.  As food sources increased humans settlements became more permanent. Many groups began building _____ out of _____ or stone. Smaller groups joined together __________ larger groups.

31.  As these ________ ________, so did the _______ for _________.  it was ___________ that these groups ___________ ___________ or __________.  To help _______ these _______, there had to be ___________ ______________.  Each ___________ or __________had their own _________ for ___________ leaders