2. The People Dimension of Forest-Based Climate Change Mitigation and REDD Olivier Dubois (olivier.dubois@fao.org) Environment, Climate Change and Bioenergy Division, FAO Panama City, April 2008

3. Some Facts & Figures on Forest-Rural People Links  1.6. billion people  1.6. billion people in the world rely heavily on forest resources 1.2 billion for their livelihoods, of which 1.2 billion people in developing countries use trees on farms to generate food and cash  More than 2 billion people  More than 2 billion people rely on biomass fuels (mainly fuelwood) for cooking and heating more than 10 million real jobs  Forestry provides more than 10 million real jobs in developing Between 30 and 50 million informal jobs countries. Between 30 and 50 million informal jobs in the wood industry  Natural products (many from forests) are the only source of 75-90% of people medicine for 75-90% of people in developing countries  One out of four  One out of four of the world’s poor depend directly or indirectly on forests for their livelihood

4. Forest-Livelihood Links - Major Challenges Ahead  Facts and Figures show that there is a relationship between forest/tree resources and many of the poor  But significant lack of information on the quality and dynamics of this relationship  This is a complex matter!

5. Poverty is Multi-dimensional and Dynamic Subsistence Income Lack of voice and power Welfare Access to Assets

6. Forest-Livelihood Links - Major Challenges Ahead Forest-Livelihood Links - Major Challenges Ahead ‘Poverty increase’‘Poverty Reduction’ ‘Forest Reduction ’ A Poor do not benefit from unsustainable use of forest resources (e.g. some high impact logging in Central Africa) B Poverty is reduced by forest conversion to e.g. extensive farming ‘Forest increase’ Mayers, 1997 C Poor are affected by reduced access to land and forests (e.g. through protected forests) D Less pressure on forest due to e.g. agriculture intensification or employment opportunities

7. Forest-Livelihood Links - Major Challenges Ahead Forest-Livelihood Links - Major Challenges Ahead Ex: Making sense of the agriculture-forests-poverty interaction Dimensions of the agricultural technology-deforestation link Angelsen & Kaimowitz, 2001 Poverty Links? ReducedImpacts on deforestationIncreased Intensive Labour &capitalSaving Yield increasing TechnologyCost-saving Global Scale of adoptionLocal Local Output marketGlobal

8. Linking Forest Management to Rural People’s Livelihoods To achieve Livelihood Friendly Forestry

9. Linking Forest Management to Rural People’s Livelihoods SLAs Better SFM/ SLA Interface SFM To achieve Livelihood Friendly Forestry

10. Linking Forest Management to Rural People’s Livelihoods Good Governance & Enabling Policies SLAs Better SFM/ SLA Interface SFM To achieve Livelihood Friendly Forestry

11. Sustainable Livelihood Approaches Sustainable Livelihood Approaches (SLAs) are a good starting point to deal with Livelihood-friendly Forestry

12. Sustainable Livelihood Approaches What make livelihoods sustainable? Enough of the five common forms of capital assets  Natural capital  Physical capital  Financial capital  Human capital  Social capital (Carney, 1998)

13. Sustainable Livelihood Approaches Two major weaknesses of SLAs  Not enough consideration to power issues – Need to  add political capital to five other capital assets  move from participation to negotiation approaches  more institutional/governance capacities  Not adequate consideration to the informal aspects of the livelihood strategies of the poor

14. Sustainable Livelihood Approaches Need to consider four not three dimensions of sustainability  Economic  Environmental  Social  Institutional

15. Sustainable Livelihood – Forest Links Three types of livelihood inputs from forestry  Securing subsistence needs  Increased income  Better access to capital assets – More bargaining power

16. Forest-Livelihood Links: Need to get out of the Forestry Box! Need for a broad definition of forestry and forests to address links with rural livelihoods and poverty  Forests = all forms of tree cover which poor people draw upon for forest outputs (Arnold, 2001)  Consider forest products outside and inside forests  Forest resources to include trees outside forests  Accept that there is “appropriate” and “inappropriate” deforestation depending on its impact on rural livelihoods and poverty

17. Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Livelihood-friendly Forestry

18. Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Adaptive & Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes Livelihood-friendly Forestry Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme

19. Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Adaptive & Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes Livelihood-friendly Forestry Capacity Building based on Negotiated Roles Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme

20. Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Adaptive & Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes Livelihood-friendly Forestry Knowledge Sharing Capacity Building based on Negotiated Roles Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme

21. Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Adaptive & Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes Livelihood-friendly Forestry Knowledge Sharing Knowledge Generation Capacity Building based on Negotiated Roles Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme

22. Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Adaptive & Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes Livelihood-friendly Forestry Knowledge Sharing Knowledge Generation Capacity Building based on Negotiated Roles KS & : Communication – The ‘Lubricant’ Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme

23. Good Governance & Enabling Policies Better SFM/SLA Interface Adaptive & Multi-stakeholder Policy Processes Livelihood-friendly Forestry Knowledge Sharing Knowledge Generation Capacity Building based on Negotiated Roles The NFP Learning Cycle Elements of a Livelihood-Friendly Forestry Programme

24. All the above is needed for REDD to Works for Forests, Climate and People

25. Important topics for a REDD that also Works for Rural People  In addition to climate change aspects, need to look at  Forests and People  Agriculture-Forest interface  Forest-based SMEs  Policy and Governance

27. Thank you for your attention