1. Decline of the Qing Dynasty and Revolution

2. External PressureInternal Pressure  The West ◦ China had limited trade with Europe ◦ Great Britain imported more goods from China than they exported ◦ Opium Trade  Corruption  Peasant unrest  Incompetence  Rapid population growth ◦ By 1900, 400 million people in China ◦ Food shortage

3.  Opium is a highly addictive drug  Opium was grown in India and shipped directly to China ◦ Demand was great and addiction very high  China banned the sale  British refused to halt trade  China set up a blockade of British ships  Great Britain declared war  Chinese were no match for the British  Treaty of Nanjing: Chinese agreed to open five coastal ports to British trade, limit taxes on imported goods, and pay for the costs of the war ◦ Chinese gave Hong Kong to the British

4.  Peasant rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan who viewed himself as a younger brother of Jesus Christ ◦ Given the mission to destroy the Qing Dynasty  Seized Yongan  Called for social reform by giving land to all peasants and treating women as equals  Seized Nanjing, the second largest city in the empire  Europeans helped the Qing defeat the rebellion ◦ 20 million people died during this civil war

5.  By the 1870s, the Qing dynasty was in decline ◦ Unable to restore order themselves, they began relying on local warlords ◦ Warlords kept armies after Tai ping rebellion and continued collecting taxes  Self-strengthening: China should adopt Western technology, but keep its Confucian values and institutions ◦ Modernize military ◦ Industry

6.  Between 1886 and 1895, foreign powers tightened their hold on the Chinese Empire  Spheres of influence: areas in which foreign powers were granted exclusive trading rights ◦ Warlords negotiated directly with foreign nations in exchange for money  1894: Chinese war with Japan ◦ Loss of Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula  Europe begins making demands for Chinese territory

7.  Emperor Guang Xu wanted massive reform ◦ Political, administrative, educational ◦ Modernize government ◦ Western style reform  Conservatives opposed reforms  Empress Dowager Ci Xi, the emperor’s aunt was opposed ◦ Eventually imprisoned the emperor  Reforms never happened and revolution began to take root

8.  All powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country ◦ Equal trading opportunities for all

9.  Society of Harmonious Fists  Upset by the foreign takeover of Chinese lands  Slaughtered foreign missionaries and businessmen  20,000 British, French, German, Russian, American, and Japanese troops sent to restore order  Indemnity: payment for damages had to be paid by the Chinese government

10.  Young radical named Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing was in a state of decay and could no longer govern the country  Believed China should follow the pattern of Western countries 1.Military takeover 2.Prepare for democratic rule 3.Establishment of a constitutional democracy  Formed Nationalist Party in 1905

11.  Three People’s Principles 1.Nationalism 2.Democracy 3.Right for people to pursue own livelihood  Henry Pu Yi becomes emperor of China (only an infant)  October 1911: followers of Sun Yat-sen launch an uprising  Qing Dynasty collapses  General Yuan Shigai becomes president

12.  General Yuan Shigai soon implements a harsh dictatorial regime  Nationalist Party clashes with Yuan  Military warlords begin seizing power in the provinces  Massive destruction across China

13.  Western influence affected the economy 1.Introduced modern means of transportation and communication 2.Export market 3.Integration of the Chinese market into the world economy  Profits mostly benefited foreign investors  New industrial centers did rise ◦ Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Guangzhou

14.  Confucian ideals fade  Old culture viewed as oppressive  Western culture floods China  Many Chinese men began cutting off their queues  Literature reflected foreign ideas