1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13: Urban Patterns The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Urbanization Urbanization: process by which people live and are employed in a city Urban areas: have a nucleated form of settlement, which means that they have a center area of development, known as a core area. vs. Rural areas= dispersed form of settlement

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? CBD land uses –Central business districts (CBDs)- downtown (area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered) –Compact, less than 1% of the urban land area- but contains a large % of shops, offices, & public buildings –Retail services in the CBD Retailers with a high threshold (more central location w/ more people)- dept. stores (in past) Retailers with a high range (also because of central location for people traveling long distances)- specialty retail stores (more in the past) Retailers serving downtown workers (people shopping during their lunch hour) –Business services in the CBD (like to be close together)

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CBD of Charlotte, NC Figure 13-1

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? Competition for land in the CBD –High land costs in cities Some of the most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo Intensive land use –Underground areas (shopping & pedestrian areas) Skyscrapers –“Vertical geography” (have to build up)

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? Activities excluded from the CBD –Lack of industry in the CBD Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land, so moved out of CBDs –Lack of residents in the CBD Push and pull factors involved (moving to the suburbs) Recent: in U.S., young or “empty nesters” moving back to downtown areas (urban renewal) CBDs outside North America –Less dominated by commercial considerations (instead, churches, public squares, shopping; **More people live in CBD outside of the U.S.

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Models of urban structure –Are used to explain where people live in cities (social classes!) –Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago Concentric zone model –1923 by Burgess Sector model –1939, Hoyt Multiple nuclei model –Harris & Ullman, 1945

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concentric Zone Model: city grows outward from the central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth of a tree Figure 13-4

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sector Model: a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings; certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities; as the city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge or sector from the center Figure 13-5

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Nuclei Model: the city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve (these centers are nodes, like a port, business center, university, airport, and park) Figure 13-6

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Geographic application of the models –Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities Census tracts (areas with 5,000 residents) Social area analysis (statistical study of these tracts of people) –Criticism of the models Models may be too simple Models may be outdated –Better: Combine the models or use parts of each one

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Applying the models outside North America –European cities Wealthy Europeans live in the INNER rings of the upper-class sector, not just in the suburbs Like U.S., wealthy people tend to CLUSTER together in a sector Poor tend to live in suburbs w/high rise apartments –Less developed countries (similar to European cities because of European colonialism) **Latin America Colonial cities (followed set plans- central plaza or church at the center); wider streets Cities since independence (sectors around a spine) Squatter settlements (poor immigrants usually create these as temporary homes that turn into run-down neighborhoods w/o schools, sewers, etc.)

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Income Distribution in the Paris Region Figure 13-10

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Model of a Latin American City Figure 13-14

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city physical issues –Most significant = deteriorating housing Filtering (breaking up old, big houses and turning them into cheap rental properties) Redlining (drawing of lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money- is illegal!) –Urban renewal (intentional programs to revamp demolished/run-down inner city areas) –Public housing (low income housing where pay 30% of income paid for rent); most have been demolished in U.S. –Renovated housing (by middle class people w/more $$) Gentrification (this process is called)

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Racial Change in Chicago Figure 13-16

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city social issues –The underclass An unending cycle of social and economic issues; inner-city residents often referred to as this Homelessness –Culture of poverty Encouraged by lack of affordable child care, welfare benefits being restricted or changed due to marriage, and not having strict enforcement of getting child support from “deadbeat dads” Often ethnically divided neighborhoods

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city economic issues –Eroding tax base Inner-city neighborhoods tend to require many public services, but the people living there can’t afford to pay the taxes to pay for these Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes –Impact of the recession Housing market collapse, primarily in low-income housing areas due to subprime mortgages (to people who were unqualified for home loans)

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Foreclosures in Baltimore Figure 13-18

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion –Annexation (process of legally adding land area to a city)- usually requires majority vote of residents –Was more popular in the 19 th and early 20 th century; now people in outer areas prefer NOT to pay city taxes and prefer to organize their own services (suburbs) Defining urban settlements –The city (a legal, self-governing city); central city= in U.S., area that includes the nearby suburbs –Urbanized areas (in the U.S., central city plus built-up suburbs where population density exceeds 1,000/square mile)

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Metropolitan Statistical Areas Created by the U.S. Census to measure the functional area of a city more accurately (b/c people in surrounding counties also access urban areas) –MSAs (Metropolitan Statistical Areas): An urbanized area w/a population of at least 50,000 County within which the city is located Adjacent counties w/a high population density and a large % of residents working in the central city’s county 366 MSAs in the US in 2009, including 84% of pop. Problem: often includes rural areas like national parks –Micropolitan statistical areas (smaller urbanized areas of 10,000-50,000 people, including adjacent counties) –Combined statistical areas (CSAs) – combined MSAs and Mircropolitan statistical areas

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Annexation in Chicago Figure 13-19

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis Figure 13-20

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion –Local government fragmentation (makes it hard to solve some problems like traffic b/c too many smaller governments involved) Soluti ons: Council of governments- created to consolidate power Consolidations of city and county governments (like in Miami) Federations –Overlapping metropolitan areas keep expanding- creating “megalopolis” (Boswash corridor from Boston to D.C., Southern California, Ruhr Valley in Germany) –** Whenever you have large cities close to each other

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Peripheral model (Harris): North America today- an urban area consists of an inner city (central city) surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or a ring road (these areas lack problems of city area) –Edge cities (located around the beltway; nodes of consumer and business services)- originally suburban residences, then turned into retail/shopping areas, and now contain offices/business (ex: suburbs of Atlanta) –Density gradient: density change from more dense to less dense as you move away from urban areas

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Suburban Sprawl (spread of development over the landscape) Cost of suburban sprawl (expand utilities-$$, waste of energy and land that could be used for agriculture/green space) Europe: don’t allow areas to spread too far outside of city boundaries (create greenbelts of land that is open space) Smart Growth plans in U.S.: legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland) Suburban segregation –Residential segregation that leads to class/racial separation(encouraged by zoning ordinances that encourage spatial separation) –Suburbanization of businesses (moving to the suburbs!)

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Density Gradient Figure 13-23

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Suburban Stress Figure 13-25

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Challenges? Transportation and suburbanization (1/2 of trips work-related) Motor vehicles More than 95 percent of all U.S. trips = made by car –Public transit Advantages of public transit –Transit travelers take up less space –Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient –Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area Public transit in the United States –Used primarily for rush-hour commuting for workers into and out of CBD –Small cities-minimal use –New: fixed light-rail transit and high speed rail

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium Figure 13-28

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparing Cities… European: older, more historic & poor live in suburbs (organized in sectors) Asian: built around ports for trade Latin American: spine of high quality housing that surrounds the CBD (that extends out from the center) African: 3 separate CBDs, including a colonial CBD, a contemporary CBD, and a market zone Islamic: focused on the principles and key sites related to their religion

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hierarchy of Cities: Hamlet Village Town City County Metropolis Megalopolis (or conurbation) –Primate Cities: have at least 2x the population of the next-largest city in the same country AND are the center of culture, economics, etc.

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hierarchy of cities by influence: World Cities (NYC, London, Tokyo) Alpha World Cities/Megacities (Mexico City, Seoul, Sao Paulo, Bombay, Delhi, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Osaka, Beijing, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Jakarta, Manila, Moscow, Rio de Janeiro, Tehran) Gamma World Cities (Amsterdam, Dallas, Houston, Boston, Melbourne, Geneva, Prague) Emerging Cities: are experiencing population growth as well as increasing economic & political clout in their region (Dubai, Bangkok) Gateway cities: connect two areas (NYC)

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Resource Issues