1. Year 10 Exam Revision All you need to know in 6 detailed slides

2. TAKE THIS SLOWLY – THERE IS A LOT OF INFORMATION. DO A COUPLE OF TOPICS AT ONCE AND THEN TAKE A BREAK. LITTLE AND OFTEN IS THE KEY.

3. Road to World War Two – part 1 Hitler’s Aims: When Hitler came to power in 1933, he wanted to unite all German speakers, overturn the Treaty of Versailles and achieve lebensraum to the east. He believed Italy and Britain could be allies, but that the French would have to be overcome. Re-armament: Hitler built up his army which he was banned from doing by the Treaty of Versailles. He pulled out of a disarmament conference, signed the Anglo- German Naval Agreement which said he could have a navy a third the size of Britain’s, but signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Poland which said he wouldn’t invade them for 10 years. Saar Plebiscite – 1935: The people of the Saar voted by 90% to 10% to go back to being German again rather than staying under French control which they had been since 1920. It was the first bit of new land Hitler got, and was rich in coal so good economically. Rhineland – 1936: Hitler marched his troops into the Rhineland even though the Treaty of Versailles had said it should be de-militarized. He told his troops to turn around if the French and British stopped them. However, Britain was busy with the Abyssinian Crisis and most Britons thought Hitler was only going into his own back garden so they did nothing. Anschluss – Spring 1938: Hitler wanted to unite with Austria because it met his 3 aims, and because he was born there. The Austrian Chancellor, Schuschnigg, did not want Anschluss, so Hitler threatened to invade unless he resigned. Once Schuschnigg left office, Seyss-Inquart invited the Germans into Austria. They then held a plebiscite and intimidated people into voting for Anschluss. The results were fixed, too. But 80,000 Austrians were arrested for opposing Anschluss.

4. Road to World War Two – part 2 Sudetenland – Autumn 1938: Hitler started rumours that the German speakers in the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia were being mistreated. The area would be useful to him because it had strong defences, military bases and the Skoda car factory. He met with the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain 3 times to see if he could have the region. At Berchtesgaden, they agreed Hitler could have the bits where a majority of people spoke German but at Godesburg, Hitler demanded all of the area. Finally at Munich, it was decided by Chamberlain, Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier that he could have the whole region as long as he didn’t invade anywhere else. Benes, the Czech leader, wasn’t even invited. Appeasement: This was Chamberlain’s policy of giving in to Hitler in order to avoid war. He did it because people in Britain could still remember the horrors of World War One, he needed time to re-arm Britain and because he feared Communist Russia more than he feared Nazi Germany. Czechoslovakia – Spring 1939: After the Sudetenland became German, other parts of Czechoslovakia demanded freedoms and independence. The new leader, Hacha, couldn’t control the nation so he invited the Nazis in to regain control. When Hitler ordered his troops into Czechoslovakia, Chamberlain knew Hitler had gone back on his promise not to invade more land. He swore to act if Hitler invaded Poland. Nazi-Soviet Pact and Invasion of Poland – Autumn 1939: Hitler wanted more land. He wanted to invade Poland but wasn’t keen on war with the U.S.S.R. He struck a deal with Stalin to divide Poland between them and promise not to invade each other. Hitler hated Communists and never intended to stick to the deal but it was useful for him at the time. Once this Nazi-Soviet Pact was agreed, Hitler invaded Poland. Finally, however, Chamberlain acted and after Hitler refused to withdraw his troops, he declared war on Germany.

5. Early Cold War Yalta and Potsdam: The Yalta and Potsdam conferences were meetings between the leaders of Britain, the U.S.A and the U.S.S.R to decide how the world should move on after WW2. At Yalta, the leaders were Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. They got on pretty well as they had shared experience of leading their countries through war. By Yalta, though, Churchill had been voted out in favour of Attlee, Roosevelt had died and been replaced by Truman. The new leaders didn’t get along – Truman didn’t tell Stalin about the Atom bomb which angered the Soviet leader. Most agreements were made at Yalta and built on at Potsdam. They included: the division of Germany and Berlin, elections in Eastern Europe, the re- education of Nazis in Germany and that the U.S.S.R would help fight Japan. Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan and Cominform: Truman was worried about more countries falling to Communism. He was keen to stop this “domino effect”. The Truman Doctrine gave money to Greece and Turkey to help them build their armies to fight off any Communist threat. The Marshall Plan was another American plan to give money to Western Europe for them to invest in their economies. The Americans hoped this would make people so rich they were not tempted to support Communism. The Russian plan of Cominform was similar but aimed at their allies in Eastern Europe. Berlin Blockade and Airlift: Stalin was growing embarrassed by the city of Berlin. The western part was getting money under the Marshall Plan and was wealthy, but the Soviets were taking wealth out of their eastern part so it was looking poor. When the British, French and Americans merged their parts together and introduced a new currency, Stalin closed all the road and rail links to West Berlin. He hoped the Americans would give up and let him have the whole city. The Americans didn’t want to give in to Stalin, however, and organised the airlift. They flew food like powdered egg and fuel into the city from 1948-49. Planes took off and landed every 3 minutes. It was very costly and 79 pilots were killed in crashes but in the end Stalin backed down.

6. Early Cold War – part 2 N.A.T.O and the Warsaw Pact: After the Berlin Blockade, the western countries were worried about Stalin. They formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation which said that all the members would protect each other if attacked. It included America, Britain, Canada, Belgium and the Netherlands. When West Germany joined, the Communist countries felt threatened and made their own group called the Warsaw Pact. This included countries like the U.S.S.R, Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary. This made the Cold War more tense as a conflict between two small countries could drag the larger ones in. Korean War 1950-53: After World War Two, the Americans took responsibility for South Korea, set up democratic elections and left. The U.S.S.R set up a Communist regime in North Korea. In 1950, North Korea used Soviet weapons and money to attack the South. They had almost taken over the entire country when the United Nations (U.N.) sent troops to help the South. They pushed the North Koreans back towards the Chinese border. China warned the UN forces not to approach the Yalu river, but General MacArthur disobeyed the order to stop. China sent troops and pushed back to the 38 th parallel – roughly where both sides started. Arms Race: America always in the lead – had the Atom Bomb first, the Hydrogen bomb first and developed nuclear missiles that could be fired from submarines as well ICBMs that could be launched from the ground. Communism vs Capitalism CommunismCapitalism PoliticalDictatorshipFree elections EconomicEveryone works for the stateYou can work for yourself FreedomsFew freedomsFreedom of speech.

7. Crises of the Cold War Hungarian Rising: The Hungarians hoped that new leader Khrushchev wouldn’t be as firm as Stalin had been. They revolted against the U.S.S.R in 1956, attacking Soviet troops and tanks and tearing down the statue of Stalin. Imre Nagy became the nation’s new leader and promised freedom of speech and press. He also said he would withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. This was too much for Khrushchev who sent his troops back in. They killed 30,000 Hungarians and trapped Nagy in the Yugoslavian Embassy. They promised he could leave the country but it was a trap. When he came out they executed him and put a loyal ally in his place as leader – Janos Kadar. U2 Crisis: Gary Powers was flying a new U2 spyplane on a mission over the U.S.S.R but he was shot down near the town of Sverdlovsk. The Americans claimed it had been a scientific weather mission but they didn’t know that the Soviets had captured Powers and the photos from the wreckage. Khrushchev was outraged that the Americans had spied and lied. He pulled out of a summit meeting that could have helped to ease the tension in the Cold War. Space Race: The U.S.S.R were generally in the lead – they put the first object in space – Sputnik 1, the first dog in space – Laika, and the first man in space – Gagarin. In 1969, though, America pulled ahead when they landed Neil Armstrong on the moon. Bay of Pigs: Castro overthrew Batista in Cuba. The Americans didn’t like him so sent rebels to overthrow him but they were captured. After this, Castro declared himself a Communist. America now had a Communist nation right on their doorstep.

8. Crises of the Cold War part 2 Berlin Wall: Berlin was still embarrassing for the Soviets as people were leaving their Eastern part for the more prosperous West. Khrushchev decided to build a wall to stop the migration. It worked as there was now barbed wire and armed guards ready to shoot people who tried. President Kennedy was unimpressed though, claiming that America wasn’t perfect but they never had to build a wall to keep people in. The wall split families and friends and was hated by the Berliners. Cuban Missile Crisis: The Americans spotted medium range missiles on Cuba and long range missiles being brought across the Atlantic. Potentially almost all major cities could be hit if they reached Cuba. Kennedy formed a quarantine/blockade with his ships around Cuba so the Soviet ships couldn’t dock. Eventually they turned round and went back to the U.S.S.R. Dean Rusk said, “we were eye to eye, and they just blinked”. Khrushchev then sent Kennedy 2 messages. The first promised to remove the Missiles from Cuba if the Americans ended the blockade and promised not to invade. The second promised to remove the missiles only if America removed theirs from Turkey. Kennedy ignored the second letter and agreed to the first. He sent Khrushchev a private assurance that he would remove the missiles in Turkey in 6 months. Kennedy came out of the Crisis looking strong. Afterwards, the hotline was installed – a direct phone line linking America and Moscow so any future crisis could be discussed sensibly. Prague Spring: In 1968, Dubcek became leader of Czechoslovakia and launched his idea of “Communism with a Human Face”. He wanted to introduce freedom of speech and press, but tried to learn from the Hungarian Rising. Everything was done peacefully, and he stated that he had no wish to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. However, the new Soviet leader Brezhnev was worried. He ordered troops into Czechoslovakia. There was no violence except for 1 student who set himself on fire. Dubcek was arrested and replaced by Husak. Brezhnev launched his Brezhnev Doctrine which said he would stop any country pulling away from Communism.