1. HOMEOSTASIS AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK BLOOD GLUCOSE, INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

2. BLOOD GLUCOSE Carbohydrates in food Glucose in digestive system Glucose in blood Glucose in cells Must adhere to ‘Goldilocks’ principle Too much is bad = hyperglycemia Too little is bad = hypoglycemia 70-140 mg glucose per dL blood = ‘just right’ Cellular Metabolism (aerobic + anaerobic)

3. BLOOD GLUCOSE - ABNORMAL Hypoglycemia <60-65 mg/dL = hunger; shaky, light-headed; rapid heart rate <40-50 mg/dL = loss of mental function, including confusion and/or erratic behavior; seizures; loss of consciousness Hyperglycemia >180 mg/dL Immediate symptoms = increased thirst; headache; fatigue; frequent urination; blurred vision Long term results = nerve damage; blood vessel damage; slow healing; loss of vision; cardiovascular disease

4. BLOOD GLUCOSE - REGULATION Blood glucose levels maintained by hormones Hormones = proteins made by endocrine glands Hormones = proteins that effect specific cells away from site of hormone production

5. PANCREAS AND BLOOD GLUCOSE Pancreas is part of digestive system Produces enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates and fats Pancreas is part of endocrine system Produces hormones insulin and glucagon

6. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AND BLOOD GLUCOSE  blood glucose = insulin production  Insulin =  blood glucose Insulin responds to high glucose and causes it to decrease (‘negative feedback’)  blood glucose = glucagon production  glucagon =  blood glucose Glucagon responds to low glucose and causes it to increase (‘negative feedback’)

7. GLUCAGON AND BLOOD GLUCOSE  Blood glucose is low  Glucagon produced in alpha cells of pancreas  Glucagon effects liver + muscle cells that store glycogen  Cells breakdown glycogen to glucose  Glucose released to bloodstream + blood glucose increases  Glucagon production is stopped

8. INSULIN AND BLOOD GLUCOSE  Blood glucose is high  Insulin produced in beta cells of pancreas  Insulin effects liver cells that store glycogen  Cells absorb glucose and create glycogen  Glucose removed from bloodstream + blood glucose decreases  Insulin production is stopped

9. BLOOD GLUCOSE AND HOMEOSTASIS

10. PROBLEMS WITH HOMEOSTASIS – INSULIN AND DIABETES Diabetes is a breakdown in homeostasis that results in abnormal blood sugar levels In U.S., 25.8 million people have diabetes (8.3% of total population) 18.8 million are diagnosed 7.0 million are undiagnosed Care of diabetes and diabetes related conditions costs ~$150 billion each year Two forms of diabetes – Type 1 and Type 2 – different cause/same effect

11. PROBLEMS WITH HOMEOSTASIS – INSULIN AND DIABETES  Type 1 Diabetes (~5% of all diabetes cases)  ‘juvenile diabetes’  Cells that produce insulin are destroyed  No insulin = high blood glucose levels  No insulin = no stored glycogen  Type 2 Diabetes (~95% of all diabetes cases)  ‘adult onset diabetes’  Cells in liver and muscle become insensitive to insulin (insulin resistance)  Insulin resistance = high blood glucose levels  Insulin resistance = no stored glycogen