1. Developing a comprehensive stray dog control strategy in compliance with OIE standards Zhvillimi i një strategjie të plotë të kontrollit qenve endacak në përputhje me standardet e OIE Alexandra Hammond-Seaman RSPCA International Kosovo 8 November 2014

2. Developing a comprehensive programme ❖ If you don’t know where you are going, how will you know when you get there? ❖ What impacts is the intervention striving to achieve? ❖ Monitoring and evaluation- “Success depends on knowing what works”

3. Developing a comprehensive programme ❖ Are we making a difference? ❖ What problem are we trying to solve? ❖ Has the intervention brought desirable results?

4. Setting clear objectives ❖ The cycle begins with an intervention concept; the desire to reduce stray dog population. ❖ Before an intervention is launched it is necessary to measure the baseline of indicators selected to reflect the impact.

5. Setting clear objectives (an example) Interventions are a combined set of activities with specific changes or impacts in mind Catch, neuter and release of roaming dogs in a Balkan city Impacts are the changes we hope to contribute towards through our interventions Reduce dog density Improve the welfare of roaming dogs Indicators are measurable signs of impacts (also known as metrics); they are the things we would see or hear if our desired impact was occurring Number of dogs seen on a set of routes along public roads The % of roaming dogs with emaciated body condition Methods of measurement are the methods we use to measure our indicators Observation of the number and body condition score of all roaming dogs observed on a 6 monthly ‘street’ survey Effort is the time and resources put into implementing the intervention The number of dogs caught, neutered and released and the financial costs per dog plus capital costs of intervention infrastructure

6. Identifying the source of the problem and monitoring the stray dog population Possible impacts: -Improve dog welfare -Reduce dog population density/population turnover -Reduce risks to public health -Improve public perception of dogs -Improve shelter performance -Reduce negative impact on wildlife -Reduce negative impact of dogs on livestock

7. Identifying the source of the problem and monitoring the stray dog population Impacting on dog population size or density – reducing population turnover is common desired impact of DPM often targeted towards roaming or stray dogs. Reduced turnover confers welfare benefits-and benefits for disease control.

8. Where are the dogs coming from? - the make-up of the roaming dog population - the source(s) of the roaming dogs Owned roaming Abandoned Lost ‘community dog’ ‘stray’ born on street

9. Dog population management Targeting the source

10. Initial assessment Management strategies should aim to target the source of the ‘problem’ and not only treat the ‘symptoms’ - What is the current size of the population and what are the characteristics of the specific dog population. - Where are the dogs coming from? Where are these sources? - What are the problems perceived and what is currently done to control these problems? - Who is responsible for this control? - Who are the relevant stakeholders? - What is the prevailing public opinion/attitudes to this issues? What people think/what people do?

11. Setting clear objectives The desire needs to be turned into an intervention plan with: -clear impacts and associated indicators -budgeted and timed activities The critical stage between intervention concept and planning is initial assessment and analysis. The process explores and understands the root of causes of the problems in order to inform intervention planning.

12. Dog population management One size does not fit all ICAM, 2007

13. Identifying the source of the problem and monitoring the stray dog population Recommended indicators for measuring reduction in population density: -Dog density along streets – the average number of roaming dogs along the streets will remain a valid indicator of the impact of the intervention. -Measuring the number of dogs per km pf street is relatively easy as compared to establishing an accurate estimate of total population size.

14. Identifying the source of the problem and monitoring the stray dog population Recommended indicators for measuring a reduction in population turnover: -Percentage of lactating females – an important component of dog population turnover is the birth rate of puppies, however reliably measuring the number of puppies in roaming population can be challenging. The % of lactating females in the roaming dog population is more reliable statistics, hence lactating females are an indicator of fecundity in the RDP and a proxy for the number of puppies born. - A female is defined as lactating if her mammary glands are visibly swollen.

15. Identifying the source of the problem and monitoring the stray dog population Methods of measurements: -Street surveys are an efficient method of collecting data relating to a range of indicators. They are particularly suitable for M&E because they can be repeated several times over the course of an intervention. -Questionnaires -Secondary sources on information- official or government derived information -Clinic records

16. Identifying the source of the problem and monitoring the stray dog population Estimating the total dog population size is commonly required before planning an intervention, but not for M&E of intervention impact, after which density alone is sufficient. The simplest is to multiply the average dogs per km of street with the total street length for the area in question. -Intensive survey paired with a questionnaire. -To establish a total dog population a detectability estimate is needed which requires more intensive survey effort, using questionnaires for owners to establish the number of owned dogs that are allowed to roam with mark-resight. Surevying roaming dog populations: guidelines on methdoology http://www.icam-coalition.org/resources.html

17. OIE stray dog control guiding principles-2010 ✓ Critical importance of promotion of responsible dog ownership ✓ Recognizes that dog ecology is closely linked to human behaviour ✓ Promotes humane stray control practices ✓ Need to change human behaviour to be successful in stray dog population management programs

18. Art. 2 Dog population control programme objectives ✓ Improve dog health and welfare ✓ Reduce the numbers of stray dogs to an acceptable level ✓ Reduce the risk of zoonosis and parasitic infections ✓ Protect the environment ✓ Prevent illegal trade and trafficking Developing a comprehensive DPM programme

19. ✓ Veterinary Competent Authority (public health issue, enforcement of legislation) ✓ Other Government Agencies (public health agency, environment protection, public safety) ✓ Local Authorities (legislation enforcement & control, subsidised neutering schemes) ✓ Private vets (key role in disease surveillance plans, diseases notification, animal abuse or mistreatment, responsible ownership promotion) ✓ NGOs (public awarenesss and understanding, responsible ownership promotion & educatiion, competency & skillls in shelter management) ✓ Dog owners (responsible ownership -> animals needs, identification & registration, birth control) Article 3: Responsibilities and competences

20. Developing a comprehensive DPM programme National strategy should be developed in consultation with the stakeholders to include legislation, education, communication, and implementation action plans need to be developed at a local level to define specific provisions for stray dog control which reflect the local situations, needs and available resources.

21. DESIGNING THE INTERVENTION Sustainability Aims, objective and activities Defining policy and setting standards

22. Art. 4 Considerations in planning a programme ✓ Identify the sources of stray dogs ✓ Estimating the existing number, distribution and ecology ✓ Set up specific legislation ✓ Resources (are not unlimited………..!!) Developing a comprehensive DPM programme

23. Developing a comprehensive DPM programme Art.5 Control measures ✓ Education and legislation for responsible ownership ✓ Dog I & R ✓ Birth control ✓ Removal, handling and management of free-roaming dogs (housing standards,” community dogs”, adoption policy) ✓ Environmental controls ✓ Dog movement control (national, international) ✓ Regulation of commercial dog dealers ✓ Reduction in dog bite incidence (education,responsible ownership) ✓ Euthanasia

24. COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMME Education Legislation Basic veterinary care Registration, identification Sterilisation Holding facilities/ rehoming centres Euthanasia

26. Art.6 Monitoring and evaluation of programmes ✓ To improve performance ✓ To demonstrate that the programme is achieving its aims ✓ To compare different strategies ✓ Indicators (dog population size and related subpopulations, dog welfare,prevalence of zoonotic diseases, people attitudes and behaviour) ✓ Sources of information (surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, expert opinions, direct observation) Developing a comprehensive DPM programme

27. MONITORING AND EVALUATION To improve performance, highlight problems To be accountable to stakeholders, and demonstrate success

28. Remaining challenges ✓ Public attitudes / perception – societal dimension ✓ Political will – right motivation for DPM vs. quick fixes ✓ Improve communication and coordination between the stakeholders. ✓ Improve enforcement of the existing laws ✓ Set clear competencies for DPM ✓ Develop infrastructure and resources ✓ Education and training at all levels

29. Dog population management Policy and research needs - Defining key outcome indicators to precede DPM intervention and to measure impact. - Baseline data collection to measure effectiveness, economic sustainability and determine what works while safeguarding the principles of good welfare. - Monitoring, evaluation and review to feed back into policy making/refinement. - Developing specific indicators to address the multiple facets of this issue.

30. www.icam-coalition.org

31. Thank you!