2. Before the Arrival of Europeans Native People of Canada

3. The Arctic Region: The Inuit

5. Location 24 hours darkness in winter, 24 hours sunlight in summer Long, cold winters, short brief summers Treeless, permafrost, little vegetation; food is seasonal and must move to get it

6. Food Inuit are hunters; they catch and eat seal, fish, whale, walrus, caribou This environment can not support many animals; Inuit must follow the animals (be nomadic) in order to get enough food to survive

7. Shelter In winter, the igloo was used as shelter; in summer, whale bone and skin tents The Inuit used the most commonly found substances in their environment; snow in winter and bone and skin in summer- no trees were available

8. Transportation In winter, dog sleds and qamituqs were used; in summer, kayaks and umiaqs were used on water; on land they walked with dogs carrying their burdens Arctic waters are frozen over in winter so dog teams can be used; in winter a sled moves easily over the snow covered land and water

9. The Subarctic Region: The Cree, Dene, Ojibwa, and Chipewa

11. Location Boreal forest, muskeg Cold, long winters, hot, buggy summers Food is seasonal, must move to get it

12. Food Hunter-gatherers eating fish, moose, geese (migratory birds), berries and other plants Food is not plentiful because of the harsh climate which doesn’t allow for lush vegetation; this means people must move to get enough to eat and spread themselves thinly on the land

13. Shelter Wigwams made of sapling poles and bark; moveable to suit nomadic lifestyle Makes use of available resources

14. Transportation Snowshoes in winter with dogs to carry burdens; in summer canoes Waterways were the easiest way to move through this forest and snowshoes and canoes made use of them

15. The West Coast Region: The Haida, Nootka, Tlingit, Kwakiutl, and Coast Salish

17. Location High precipitation and mild temperatures allows the growth of dense vegetation including the largest tree in Canada, the cedar Resources are plentiful in this rich environment which allowed the native people to become sedentary (stay in one place) without agriculture

18. Food Food is plentiful in this environment and includes plants and animals from the forest and the ocean Shellfish, salmon, seal, whales, kelp, berries and other plants The mild climate and location beside the ocean created an environment rich in food resources

19. Shelter Lived in communal long houses built of cedar; long house were grouped to make villages Totem poles were carved with visual stories of family histories Cedar trees are plentiful in this mild climate and grow to huge heights in this environment; the native people made extensive use of them

20. Transportation These native people moved along the coast using large dugout canoes; to move into the interior they used fjords and major rivers in the same canoe These canoes were dug out of the giant cedars that this climate allows to grow

21. The Plateau Region: The Carrier, Shushwap, Sarsi and Chilcotin

23. Location Mountaineous region where vegetation changes as one goes up Hot, dry summers; cold winters Valleys often have a river from snow melt in the mountains

24. Food Fish, elk, moose, grouse, gathered plants These people were nomadic and moved seasonally to take advantage of food sources The rich river valleys were sources of most of the food used by these people

25. Shelter Underground homes were used in winter; but in summer the homes were often just a roof of bark Underground homes were warmer for the cold winter of this region while the simple roofs of summer fitted the hot summer

26. Transportation Waterways were used in summer to move from place to place with a plateau style canoe In winter, people walked and used their dogs for burdens It is difficult to move in mountaineous terrain so it made sense to use the rivers

27. The Plains Region: The Blackfoot, Assiniboine and Plains Cree

29. Location Flat, treeless grassland with cold winters and hot, dry summers Trees found only along waterways which are not plentiful

30. Food Buffalo was the major source of food for these nomadic hunting people; some gathering of wild plants was done too These lush grasslands are the perfect habitat for the buffalo, a large herbivore that gathered in enormous herds

31. Shelter Shelter in both winter and summer was the teepee which was made of sapling poles and buffalo hides Teepee hides often had the history and stories of these people drawn on them B uffalo was by far the most common animal in these grasslands and so the native people made everything from them

32. Transportation Before the Spanish arrived, they walked and used the dog travois Once horses were arrived, the plains people’s culture became one based on the horse The horse is a perfect mode of transportation on the wide open plain and were very effective in the buffalo hunt; before that walking only choice

33. The Eastern Woodlands Region : The Huron and Iroquois Confederacies, The Ottawa, Abenaki, Beothuk, Algonquian and Migmag

35. Location Relatively cool winters with lots of snow, hot summers with lots of rain Forests ranging from the Boreal Forest to mixed woodlands with many rivers and lakes Good soil that can support agriculture

36. Food Some peoples in the region were sedentary farmers who grew the Three Sisters; beans, squash and corn; they also hunted Others were hunter-gatherers who ate deer, moose, fish, birds, berries and other plants The good soils of this region, the flatness and the relatively mild climate allowed farming

37. Shelter The farmers of this region lived in villages made up of longhouses in which 10-15 families would live The hunter-gatherers lived in wigwams or sometimes longhouses Both groups made their homes of poles and bark It makes sense to use the most common resource in this region trees for housing material

39. Transportation These people used birch bark canoes in summer and tobogans, snowshoes and dogs in winter Waterways were the easiest way to move through this forested region; they were open in summer and frozen over in winter making it possible to travel on them