2. Living well with frailty JOHN YOUNG National Clinical Director for the Frail Elderly & Integration, NHS England

3. Kent Whole Population Dataset: Interim Report 2014 A LTC rarely travels alone …………

4. The burden of multimorbidity Applying NICE guidelines to a 78 yr old woman with previous myocardial infarction; type-2 diabetes; osteoarthritis; COPD; and depression………………….. 11 drugs (and possibly another 10) 9 lifestyle modifications 8-10 routine primary care appointments 8-30 psychosocial interventions Smoking cessation appointments Pulmonary rehabilitation (Hughes et al Age & Ageing 2013) “I’d like my life back please!”

5. Frailty: key issues Related to the ageing process Around 10% of over 65s have frailty Increases to 25-50% of over 85s Independently associated with adverse outcomes, which are expensive Best understood as a long-term condition (Harrison, Young, Clegg, Conroy Age & Ageing 2015) (Collard et al. JAGS 2012: 60; 1487-92) (Clegg, Young et al Lancet 2013) (Falls; dependency; hosp admission; care home admission) (Collard et al. JAGS 2012: 60; 1487-92)

6. Frailty: what is it? A summary label ? OR An abnormal health state? Disability Long-term care Falls Mortality

7. 65-69 = 4% 70-74= 7% 75-79= 9% 80-84= 16% Over 85=26% Prevalence rate estimates for frailty (Systematic review of 21 cohort studies) Collard et al. JAGS 2012: 60; 1487-92 Distinguishing fit from frail; and frail from fit: the most pressing clinical task of our age?

8. Mrs Greenaway was found on the floor (“FLOF”) with new confusion by the home care staff and taken to hospital where is was found to be poorly mobile. Fall Delirium Immobility “She was a fall waiting to happen.” Home care staff Frailty is ………………

9. Frailty as a progressively abnormal health state (ie a LTC) Clegg, Young, Iliffe, Olde-Rikkert, Rockwood. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 2013

10. Frailty as a long-term condition ? A LTC is: “A condition that cannot, at present, be cured but is controlled by medication and/or other treatment/therapies” (DH 2012) Frailty is: Common (25-50% of people over 80 years) Progressive (5 to 15 years); and therefore gradable Episodic deteriorations (delirium; falls; immobility) Preventable components Potential to impact on quality of life Expensive (Harrison, Young, Clegg, Conroy Age & Ageing 2015)

11. Pro-active care models Ten years ago Two years ago One month ago CGA C&SP Supportive self- management

12. Hands up who’s frail?

13. Phenotype Frailty Model (Cardiovascular Health Study [n=5210] Fried et al 2001) Weight loss:> 4.5kg or > 5% per year Fatigue:US Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Sedentary Life:< 383 Kcal/week men < 270Kcal/week women Slow gait speed:Standardised cut-off times to walk 4.57m stratified by sex & height Weakness:Dynamometer measurement stratified by sex & BMI

14. Phenotype Frailty Model (Cardiovascular Health Study [n=5210] Fried et al 2001) Weight loss:> 4.5kg or > 5% per year Fatigue:US Centre for Epidemiological studies depression scale Sedentary Life:< 383 Kcal/week men < 270Kcal/week women Slow gait speed: Standardised cut off times to walk 4.57M stratified by sex & height Weakness:Dynamometer measurement stratified by sex & Body Mass Index

15. The 4m walking speed test detects frailty Van Kan et al JNHA 2009; 13:881 Systematic Review of 21 cohorts 4M Taking more than 5 seconds to walk 4m predicts future: Disability Long-term care Falls Mortality

16. Diagnostic Test Accuracy (DTA) for simple frailty instruments (Systematic Review) SensitivitySpecificity Gait Speed <0.8m/s99%64% Gait Speed <0.7m/s93%78% TUGT >10s93%62% PRISMA 783%83% (wide CIs) Self-reported Health83%72% (wide CIs) Groningen Frailty Indicator58%72% Polypharmacy (>5 meds)67%72% GP clinical assessment58%72% (Frailty instruments assessed against a reference standard) (Clegg, Teale, Young. Age Ageing 2014)

17. Identification of frailty: summary 1Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) (Structured, multi-dimensional, multi-disciplinary assessment) 2. Simple assessments Gait speed/timed-up-and-go test Questionnaires (e.g. PRISMA 7) Brief clinical tools (e.g. Edmonton frail scale; “Rockwood 9”) 3.Routine data Primary care electronic Frailty Index (eFI)

18. Cumulative Deficit Model of Frailty: Frailty Index (Rockwood et al) “The more things that are wrong with you, the more likely you are to be frail” Frailty Index counts “deficits” A deficit is a thing that is wrong with you (symptom, sign, disease or disability) Frailty Index = the proportion of deficits accumulated over time Simple calculation: Zero deficits from list of 50: FI = 0/50 = 0 Ten deficits from list of 50: FI = 10/50 = 0.20 Frailty Index(s) based on deficit accumulation closely related to risk of death (Mexico, China, Canada, Europe etc. …)

19. Development of the primary care eFI Existing primary care EHR Read Codes (>80,000 8,000 2,200) Read codes map onto 36 ‘DEFICITS’ Tested in “ResearchOne” (n=227,648 ≥65y) Internal Validation Process (n=227,063 ≥ 65y) External Validation Process (n=516,107 ≥ 65 y)

20. eFI: >2000 Read codes; 36 deficit variables

21. Proportion alive Time Primary care electronic Frailty Index (eFI): survival plots (n=227,648; >65y) Fit Mild frailty Moderate frailty Severe frailty 5 yrs Supported self-management Care & Support Planning Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Clegg; Bates; Young et al Age Ageing 2016

22. PartnersEngagement Count GP Practices22 CCGs (n=211)35 CSU1 SCN1 CLAHRC1 Public Health (regional) 3 Industry Partners2 (ACG Systems) VCS1 (Age UK Y&H) National Spread of eFI (Year 1) Clinical Commissioning Groups “at risk” populations De-prescribing EoLC/ACPs Supported-self management Falls prevention etc, etc………..

23. FIT 32% MILD 41% MOD 20% SEV 7%

24. Candidate Preventable Components for “Frailty” Alcohol excess Cognitive impairment Falls Functional impairment Hearing problems Mood problems Nutritional compromise Physical inactivity Polypharmacy Smoking Social isolation and loneliness Vision problems Stuck et al. Soc Sci Med. 1999 (Systematic review of 78 studies) Additional topics: Look after you feet Make your home safe Vaccinations Keep warm Get ready for winter Continence Preserving memory A Practical Guide to Healthy Ageing

26. Mrs Greenaway was found on the floor (“FLOF”) with new confusion by the home care staff and taken to hospital where is was found to be poorly mobile. Fall Delirium Immobility “She was a fall waiting to happen.” Home care staff Frailty is ………………

27. Another view of Mrs Greenaway ……… 85 years Lives alone Recently in hospital following a fall Broken hip 2011 Chronic heart failure Diabetes Chronic Kidney Disease Taking 10 medications Review 1 Review 2 Review 3 Review 4 System designed to fragment care into packages ……. and the frailty??? ……

28. Yet another view of Mrs Greenaway What are the most important things you’d like to discuss today? 1.The pain in my feet 2.Difficulty sleeping 3.Getting out for a chat 4.I don’t like all these tablets; do I really need them all?

29. “It’s Care Planning Jim, but not as we know it!”

30. Care Plan vs Care Planning Care plan: focus on disease or problem management Care planning: the focus on person management

31. NHS England Older People & Frailty Community-based: person- centred & co-ordinated (Health + Social + Voluntary + Mental Health) Community-based: person- centred & co-ordinated (Health + Social + Voluntary + Mental Health) Timely identification for preventative, proactive care by supported self-management & personalised care planning “An older person living with frailty" (i.e. a long-term condition ) “An older person living with frailty" (i.e. a long-term condition ) ‘The Frail Elderly’ (i.e. a label) ‘The Frail Elderly’ (i.e. a label) Hospital-based: episodic, disruptive & disjointed Presentation late & in crisis (e.g. delirium, falls, immobility) Presentation late & in crisis (e.g. delirium, falls, immobility) TOMORROW TODAY