1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Conceptual Physical Science 5 th Edition Chapter 14: ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. This lecture will help you understand: Chemistry: The Central Science The Submicroscopic World Physical and Chemical Properties Determining Physical and Chemical Changes Elements to Compounds Naming Compounds

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Movie Clip Wizard of Oz Is she really melting??

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry is... The study of matter and the transformations it can undergo Matter – anything that takes up space Called the “central” science because it is a part of all the other sciences It comes from the principles of physics Serves as a foundation for biology Is an important component of earth/space science Chemistry: The Central Science

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry PhysicsBiology AstronomyEarth Science

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry is... the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo. the “central” science. a “materials” science. Most of the material items in any modern house are shaped by some human-devised chemical process. Chemistry: The Central Science

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Research Research – any activity aimed at the systematic discovery and interpretation of new knowledge. –Basic Research – leads to a greater understanding of how the natural world operates –Applied Research – focuses on developing useful applications for things learned in basic research

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Repercussions We have excelled at manipulating atoms and molecules to create materials that suit our needs We also made mistakes in caring for our environment –Dumping waste products –Polluting our air and water As a result, there are now toxic waste clean-ups and bans on air and water pollution.

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Submicroscopic World Macroscopic – matter is large enough to be seen, measured and handled (food and chemicals) Microscopic – physical structure is so fine that it can only be seen with a microscope (Skin cell and bacteria) Submicroscopic – Cannot even be seen with a microscope (atoms and molecules)

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Phases of Matter Solid Matter (ice) – attraction between particles is strong enough to hold all the particles together in a fixed 3D arrangement (particles can only vibrate) Liquid Matter (water) – attraction between particles is not as strong and it takes on a fluid character by taking the shape of its container (particles slip past each other and bounce around Gaseous Matter (vapor) - attraction between particles can no longer hold them together and will fill whatever space is available (particles move very fast)

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14. Density A measure of the compactness of a solid, liquid, or gas The amount of matter per unit volume: –Density = Mass / Volume –Grams / Cubic Centimeter or Kilograms / Cubic Meter –Which is usually more dense: Solid Liquid Gas What about water?

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Movie Clip Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde https://youtu.be/f7N7OT95XPA

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical and Chemical Properties A physical property describes the look or feel of a substance, but not the substance itself

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance (not the chemical properties

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical and Chemical Properties A chemical property describes the tendency of a substance to transform into a new substance Baking soda reacts with vinegar to produce carbon dioxide and water Chemical change – a change in the way the atoms in the molecules are chemically bonded to one another

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical and Chemical Properties It is a chemical property of iron to transform into rust.

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical and Chemical Properties Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. Chemical change: the transformation of one or more substances into others. A substance is identified not only by the kinds of atoms it contains but also by how those atoms are connected to one another. During a chemical change, a new substance is formed as atoms rearrange themselves into new configurations.

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The transformation of oxygen, O 2, into ozone, O 3, is an example of A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. O=O O O O O O O oxygenozone Physical and Chemical Properties CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The transformation of oxygen, O 2, into ozone, O 3, is an example of A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. O=O O O O O O O oxygenozone Explanation: The same kinds of atoms are involved but how they are arranged is completely different. Thus, a new substance has been formed. Physical and Chemical Properties CHECK YOUR ANSWER

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Determining Physical & Chemical Changes A physical change imposes a new set of conditions on the same material. A chemical change forms a new material with its own unique set of physical properties. Both physical and chemical changes result in a change in physical appearance.

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Melting a piece of solid gold would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Melting a piece of solid gold would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Explanation: The gold is still gold, it is now in a liquid state. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR ANSWER

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarnishing a piece of silver would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tarnishing a piece of silver would be… A.a physical change. B.a chemical change. C.both a physical and chemical change. D.neither a physical nor chemical change. Explanation: Tarnish transforms pure silver, Ag, to silver sulfide, Ag 2 S. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes CHECK YOUR ANSWER

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical vs. Physical Changes Practice http://www.chemistrywithmsdana.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/07/chemphys.html

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Element: A material made of only one kind of atom. Pure gold is an example as it is made of only gold atoms. Atom: The fundamental unit of an element. The term “element” is used when referring to macroscopic quantities. The term “atom” is used when discussing the submicroscopic. Elements to Compounds

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Elemental formula: Used to show the proportion by which atoms combine to form an element. CompoundFormula Oxygen O2O2 Ozone O3O3 Sulfur S8S8 Gold Au Elements to Compounds

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Elements to Compounds

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Compound: A substance consisting of atoms of different elements. Compounds have properties uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. Chemical formula: Used to show the proportion by which elements combine to form a compound. Elements to Compounds

33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical formula: Used to show the proportion by which elements combine to form a compound. CompoundFormula Sodium chloride NaCl Ammonia NH 3 Water H2OH2O Elements to Compounds

34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Example: NaCl Naming Compounds

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NaCl Sodium Example: NaCl Chlorine Naming Compounds

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NaCl Sodium Example: NaCl chloride Naming Compounds

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Compounds Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Guideline 2 —With different possible combinations of elements, use prefixes to remove ambiguity.

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. mono- di- tri- tetra- 2 3 4 1 Naming Compounds

39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. CO 2 Examples: Naming Compounds

40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. CO 2 carbon monoxide carbon dioxide Examples: Naming Compounds

41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Examples: H O 2 dihydrogen monoxide dihydrogen dioxide 2 2 Naming Compounds

42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Examples: H O 2 dihydrogen monoxide dihydrogen dioxide 2 2 Would you drink this?? Naming Compounds

43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Examples: H O 2 “Water” “Hydrogen peroxide” 2 2 Naming Compounds

44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Compounds Guideline 1 —Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table. —For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide. Guideline 2 —With different possible combinations of elements, use prefixes to remove ambiguity. Guideline 3 —Common names are sometimes used for convenience.(water – H 2 O), ammonia – NH 3 )

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Chrobrofor B. SeeBer4 C. Carbon bromide D. Carbon tetrabromide. What is the name of the compound with the formula CBr 4 ? Naming Compounds CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Chrobrofor B. SeeBer4 C. Carbon bromide D. Carbon tetrabromide. What is the name of the compound with the formula CBr 4 ? Naming Compounds CHECK YOUR ANSWER