1. History of the English Language
The origin of a word is called its Etymology

2. Introduction
In the study of English vocabulary, it is important to know about the history of English.
We will look at the major historical events that have shaped the English language.
We pay special attention to the development of the native Germanic vocabulary, and to the forces that introduced a large number of foreign words, especially from Latin, Greek, and French.
This combination makes English vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous among the world languages.

3. #1 Old English begins when the Anglo- Saxons invaded England in 500 A
#1 Old English begins when the Anglo- Saxons invaded England in 500 A.D.
Old English is an Anglo-Saxon Germanic language

4. Old English ( )
In the fifth century, the Germanic invaders conquered and occupied the eastern part of the British island. The Celtic language originally spoken in that area was replaced by the West Germanic dialects spoken by the invaders, as the original inhabitants (the Celts) were killed, were relocated, or adopted the language of the now dominant society.
Roughly speaking, the tribes that settled in Britain comprise three groups: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. The Angles and the Saxons occupied the greatest part of the country, so that the Germanic civilization that emerged in Britain is often called Anglo-Saxon. The Angles lent their name to the language—English, and to the land —England (the land of Angles).

5. Old English ( )
The period from 450 to 1100 is known as the Old English or the Anglo-Saxon period.
In the sixth century, the Roman missionaries headed by St. Augustine brought Christianity to the Germanic tribes (mainly the Saxons). The English language adopted many words from Latin, the official language of the church. Latin provided not only religious vocabulary (e.g., abbot, altar, disciple, hymn, nun, mass, pope, and priest) but also a surprising number of what are now everyday words (e.g., candle, cap, school, and spend).

6. Almost every one syllable word we speak is from Anglo Saxon German
Old English AD

7. Today,
One fifth of the English words we use are derived from this Anglo- Saxon English.

8. Middle English AD
In 1066, William the Conqueror from Normandy, France invaded England.

9. Middle English ( )
The Middle English period is from 1100 to The most important event to affect the history of English, the Norman Conquest (1066), took place at the end of the Old English period. The big changes that this invasion produced in the English society were accompanied by equal effects in the vocabulary of Middle English.
After their victory in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings under William the Conqueror, the Normans quickly assumed leadership and privilege in England.

10. The Normans were originally Vikings—their name comes from North man (i
The Normans were originally Vikings—their name comes from North man (i.e., ‘Norse’). In a sense, the Norman conquest can be seen as yet another Germanic invasion. But there was a difference this time. The Normans had earlier been given the control of a large piece of land along the northern coast of France—Normandy. As French subjects, they had adopted French culture. So the language they brought with them was not a Germanic language, but French.
The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class. This resulted in a massive borrowing of French words into English vocabulary.

11. During this period, English assimilated a large number of Old French words. Crystal (1988: 174) gives the following list of French borrowing during the Middle English period.
Government: court, duke, baron, county, crown, government, liberty, majesty, minister, peasant, parliament, prince, realm, sir, tax, tyrant, trial
Religion: abbey, baptism, cathedral, charity, confess, mercy, religion, prayer, pity, saint, salvation, sermon, immortality, miracle, solemn, trinity, virgin
Military: peace, enemy, arms, battle, moat, army, battle, navy, soldier, spy, retreat, guard, defend, captain, ambush
General: gown, robe, emerald, diamond, feast, savory, cream, sugar, age, paper, music, romance, city, easy, foreign, hour, people, real, reason, river, special, use, wait, joy

12. Middle English
1066—Norman invasion introduces French to Old English—these amalgamate into Middle English
Middle English has some hybrid qualities of both French & Old English

13. England becomes bilingual during Middle English
English: ox, sheep, swine, calf
French: beef, mutton, pork, veal
The rich and upper class spoke French Latin, but the lower class spoke Anglo-Saxon German.

14. Another half of our English vocabulary is
of French and Romance origins.
No, not that kind!

15. In the fourteenth century,
English/Wessex again became the language of the English upper class.
The new standard was a London dialect since London was now the capital city.
During the three hundred years kings of England had spoken French, the English language had changed greatly.
The French spoken by nobles became more like English. The English of the common people was now full of French words.

16. Middle English: 1150 - 1500 Reduced inflections
Increasingly fixed word order
French and Latin official languages
French influence on English vocabulary
1066: Norman conquest
1340?-1400: Geoffrey Chaucer

17. Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales
English poet, who is regarded as the greatest and most renowned of Middle English writers. His masterwork is The Canterbury Tales ( ).
A knight ther was, and that a worthy man,
That fro the tyme that he first bigan
To ryden out, he loved chivalrye,
Trouthe and honour, fredom and courteisye.
English: knight, man, worthy, tyme, first, bigan, ryden, loved, trouthe (truth), Fredom (freedom)
French: chivalrye (chivalry), honour, courteisye
Danish: fro

18. Early Modern English: 1500-1700
Levelled inflections
Fixed word order
Latin and Greek influence on vocabulary
Increasing standardisation
1476: Caxton’s printing press
Reformation
Renaissance
: William Shakespeare

19. Modern English (1500-the present)
Modern English is usually divided into Early ( ) and Late (1800-the present) Modern English.
Thanks to the Renaissance (early 14th C-1650), great numbers of Latin and Greek words were added to English. Scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English, so over 10,000 Latin and Greek words entered the English language.
Among the borrowed words from Latin were exterior, appendix, contradict, exterminate, temperature, and so on. At about the same time, Greek provided catastrophe, anonymous, lexicon, skeleton, and so on.

20. Early Modern English
~1500--Renaissance introduces new wave of Latin vocabulary into English. Great Vowel Shift and loss of most inflections leads to Early Modern English. Printing press slows down language change
~ colonialism introduces new vocabulary from America, India, etc.; language scholars introduce “Correctness”

21. Late Modern English (1800-the present)
The late modern English runs from the beginning of the 19th century to the present. After the Industrial Revolution, England became a great economic power. English began to absorb words from all major languages of the world.
Among these words are names for animals and places (moose, skunk, Michigan, Chicago, Manhattan) from American Indian languages; food terms (yam, gumbo, banana) from African languages; new species and technologies (kangaroo, koala, boomerang) from Australian languages; unusual weather phenomena and customs (typhoon, kowtow) from Chinese; and many others.
After World War II, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions, and scientific achievements.

22. Admittedly, English does rank high in its hospitality to loanwords
Admittedly, English does rank high in its hospitality to loanwords. But it remains at its core a typical Germanic language. In general, the most basic, most frequently used, and simplest words of Modern English are inherited from its Germanic ancestor languages. Words such as sun, moon, lamb, life, death, mother, health, and god; prefixes such as un- and be-; suffixes such as -ness, -ly, -some, -ship, and -hood; and thousands more words and elements are all native to English.
In spite of the extensive borrowing from other languages, the most common words in the English language are still native English words.

23. English borrowings
• Old English (450–1100): Beginning of an influx of religious terms from Latin and borrowings of everyday words from Viking Norse. • Middle English (1100–1500): Extensive borrowing from French, especially terms from law, government, the military, and higher culture. • Modern English (1500–present): Heavy influx of scientific vocabulary, including many neologisms based on elements from Latin and Greek. Borrowings from many other languages with which English has had contact in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and the Americas.

24. Present Day English
Many dialects around the globe: some are more influenced by American English, others by British English.
Continued simplification of syntax; for example, we are currently losing the “less/fewer” distinction.
Language continues to change, mostly by adding vocabulary.

25. Vocabulary Sources of the English Language
Words come from all over!

26. From Anglo-Saxon English
bread, good, shower, home, stones, fox

27. From Latin Christianity
priest, bishop, anthem, candle, epistle, hymn

28. From Scandinavian Settlers
Husband, sky, skin, club, gape, root, egg, take, give, window, leg, skin, crawl, die, sister

29. From Norman French and Vulgar Latin
Legal terms: judge, jury, tort, attorney, crime, assault Terms of rank: prince, duke, baron, parliament, countess Others: honor, courage, season, manner, study, castle. . .

30. From Latin and Greek during the Renaissance and after
Words for science, invention, and technology: conifer, cyclamen, helium, halogen, intravenous, isotope, metronome, polymer, telephone

31. Word Parts from Greek and Latin
Prefixes: (“Pre” from Latin means earlier or before)
“bi-” from Latin means _____
“extra” from Latin means _________
“fore” from Old English means _____
“il” from _______ means ______
“mis” from Latin means ________
“pre” and “post” mean ___________

32. Word Parts from Greek and Latin
Suffixes: ( from Latin for “to fasten beneath”)
For example: “-ment” from Latin is a word part that indicates product, means, action, or state.
We often use “-ment” to turn a verb into a noun:
Excitement is the state of being excited.
Encouragement is the action of encouraging.
Discouragement is the product of being discouraged.

33. Words from everywhere over the past three hundred years
tobacco, banana, pajamas, squash, raccoon, prairie, chowder, canyon, ranch, chop suey, kudzu, pretzel, kindergarten, bagel, pizza coleslaw, bedspread, tomato, jazz, yams