1. English II Honors/English II—March 30, 2016 Daily Warm-up: What were some of the purposes of Greek Drama? What are some of the characteristics of a Greek Tragedy? Think back to the video and PP from yesterday. Daily Warm-up: What were some of the purposes of Greek Drama? What are some of the characteristics of a Greek Tragedy? Think back to the video and PP from yesterday. Homework: Homework: English II Honors—Study for Lesson 15 and 17 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday. English II Honors—Study for Lesson 15 and 17 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday. English II—Study for Lesson 7 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday. English II—Study for Lesson 7 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday. Reading Plus due Sunday at 11:59. Reading Plus due Sunday at 11:59.

2. English II Honors Lesson 15 Vocabulary Obstruct ─ v. Block (an opening, path, road, etc.); be or get in the way of Obstruct ─ v. Block (an opening, path, road, etc.); be or get in the way of Counterweight ─ n. A weight that provides a balance against something of equal weight Counterweight ─ n. A weight that provides a balance against something of equal weight Antipathy ─ n. A strong feeling of dislike Antipathy ─ n. A strong feeling of dislike Oppugn ─ v. To fight against Oppugn ─ v. To fight against Contraband ─ n. things that are brought into or out of a country illegally Contraband ─ n. things that are brought into or out of a country illegally Obtrude ─ v. To become involved with something or to become noticeable in an unpleasant or annoying way Obtrude ─ v. To become involved with something or to become noticeable in an unpleasant or annoying way Antithesis ─ n. the exact opposite of something or someone Antithesis ─ n. the exact opposite of something or someone Antibiotic ─ n. A drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria and to cure infections Antibiotic ─ n. A drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria and to cure infections Contradictory ─ n. A proposition so related to another that if either of the two is true that is false and if either is false the other must be true Contradictory ─ n. A proposition so related to another that if either of the two is true that is false and if either is false the other must be true Proponent ─ n. A person who argues in favor of something Proponent ─ n. A person who argues in favor of something

3. English II Honors Lesson 17 Vocabulary Adept ─ n. A highly skilled or well-trained person : someone who is adept at something Adept ─ n. A highly skilled or well-trained person : someone who is adept at something Axiom ─ n. A rule or principle that many people accept as true Axiom ─ n. A rule or principle that many people accept as true Complement ─ n. Something that completes something else or make it better Complement ─ n. Something that completes something else or make it better Confound ─ v. To surprise and confuse (something or someone) Confound ─ v. To surprise and confuse (something or someone) Cumulative ─ adj. Increasing or becoming better or worse over time through a series of additions Cumulative ─ adj. Increasing or becoming better or worse over time through a series of additions Delve ─ v. To search for information about something Delve ─ v. To search for information about something Diligent ─ adj. Characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort Diligent ─ adj. Characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort Superlative ─ adj. Of very high quality Superlative ─ adj. Of very high quality Tantalize ─ v. To cause (someone) to feel interest or excitement about something that is very attractive, appealing, etc. Tantalize ─ v. To cause (someone) to feel interest or excitement about something that is very attractive, appealing, etc. Unerring ─ adj. Always right and accurate; making no errors Unerring ─ adj. Always right and accurate; making no errors

4. English II Lesson 7 Vocabulary equalize—v. make the same in quantity, size, or degree throughout a place or group. equalize—v. make the same in quantity, size, or degree throughout a place or group. centralize—v. concentrate (control of an activity or organization) under a single authority. centralize—v. concentrate (control of an activity or organization) under a single authority. idealize—v. regard or represent as perfect or better than in reality. idealize—v. regard or represent as perfect or better than in reality. maximize—v. make as large or great as possible. maximize—v. make as large or great as possible. economize—v. spend less; reduce one's expenses. economize—v. spend less; reduce one's expenses. immobilize—v. prevent (something or someone) from moving or operating as normal. immobilize—v. prevent (something or someone) from moving or operating as normal. scrutinize—v. examine or inspect closely and thoroughly. scrutinize—v. examine or inspect closely and thoroughly. materialize—v. become actual fact; happen. materialize—v. become actual fact; happen. mesmerize—v. hold the attention of (someone) to the exclusion of all else or so as to transfix them. mesmerize—v. hold the attention of (someone) to the exclusion of all else or so as to transfix them. rationalize—v. attempt to explain or justify (one's own or another's behavior or attitude) with logical, plausible reasons, even if these are not true or appropriate. rationalize—v. attempt to explain or justify (one's own or another's behavior or attitude) with logical, plausible reasons, even if these are not true or appropriate.

5. Introduction to Greek Drama English II Mrs. Patterson

6. Origin of Drama Drama was developed by the ancient Greeks during celebrations honoring Dionysus. Drama was developed by the ancient Greeks during celebrations honoring Dionysus. Dionysus is the god of the vine, which produces grapes for wine. Wine was associated with resurrection and suffering. Dionysus is the god of the vine, which produces grapes for wine. Wine was associated with resurrection and suffering. With the inclusion of many choral songs, the early Greek plays resembled what we call opera today. With the inclusion of many choral songs, the early Greek plays resembled what we call opera today.

7. Festival of Dionysus The Festival of Dionysus took place in Athens over the course of five days in March or April. The Festival of Dionysus took place in Athens over the course of five days in March or April. During the first day, the Greeks held a procession honoring Dionysus in which all citizens participated. During the first day, the Greeks held a procession honoring Dionysus in which all citizens participated. During the festival’s second day, the choral songs were performed. During the festival’s second day, the choral songs were performed. On the last three days of the festival, the actors performed three tragedies, one satyr (satire – mock heroic tragedies) play, and one comedy. On the last three days of the festival, the actors performed three tragedies, one satyr (satire – mock heroic tragedies) play, and one comedy.

8. Festival of Dionysus The archon, a state official, selected three poets to compete for the prizes in the tragedy division. The archon, a state official, selected three poets to compete for the prizes in the tragedy division. The choregus, a wealthy, prominent citizen of Athens, was required by law to pay for the cost of training and costumes for the chorus. The choregus, a wealthy, prominent citizen of Athens, was required by law to pay for the cost of training and costumes for the chorus. A jury of 10 citizens selected the winning poet A jury of 10 citizens selected the winning poet The playwright served as a sort of teacher, offering plays for the ethical and moral improvement of his fellow citizens to insure the spiritual survival of the community. The playwright served as a sort of teacher, offering plays for the ethical and moral improvement of his fellow citizens to insure the spiritual survival of the community.

9. The Greek Theatre Theatron = area of seats for the audience hollowed out from the hillside Theatron = area of seats for the audience hollowed out from the hillside Orchestra = large area in front of the stage where the chorus sang and danced Orchestra = large area in front of the stage where the chorus sang and danced Thymele = the altar centered in the orchestra used for sacrifices to Dionysus Thymele = the altar centered in the orchestra used for sacrifices to Dionysus Parados = walled walkway used by the chorus to enter and exit the stage Parados = walled walkway used by the chorus to enter and exit the stage Pro-scenium = a long, low stage behind the orchestra Pro-scenium = a long, low stage behind the orchestra Skene = building that contained the actors’ dressing rooms Skene = building that contained the actors’ dressing rooms

10. The Greek Theatre The Greek Theatre was similar to an outdoor stadium that could hold between 15,000 – 20,000 people.

11. Greek Theater

16. Greeks’ Special Effects There were no curtains, intermissions, lights, or microphones. There were no curtains, intermissions, lights, or microphones. Consequently, all scenes took place in daylight settings, all scene changes had to be built into the actor’s dialogue, and the chorus and actors had to have strong voices. Consequently, all scenes took place in daylight settings, all scene changes had to be built into the actor’s dialogue, and the chorus and actors had to have strong voices. Deus ex machina (meaning: “god from the machine”) = type of crane used for suspending figures who portrayed gods. Deus ex machina (meaning: “god from the machine”) = type of crane used for suspending figures who portrayed gods. Eccylema = moveable or revolving platform. Eccylema = moveable or revolving platform.

17. Greeks’ Special Effects

18. The Actors The Greek name for an actor was “hypocrite.” The Greek name for an actor was “hypocrite.” As there were only 3 actors, they wore masks to play multiple parts. As there were only 3 actors, they wore masks to play multiple parts. All actors were men, because it was considered undignified for women to appear on stage All actors were men, because it was considered undignified for women to appear on stage Actors wore padded costumes, wigs, and high-heeled boots to make them taller and give them added dignity and power. Actors wore padded costumes, wigs, and high-heeled boots to make them taller and give them added dignity and power. Actors had to be able to speak in poetic language and sing using a loud and clear voice. Actors had to be able to speak in poetic language and sing using a loud and clear voice.

19. The Chorus The chorus was led by a conductor and consisted of singers and dancers who moved and sang together, acting as one character. The chorus was led by a conductor and consisted of singers and dancers who moved and sang together, acting as one character. A Choral Ode was chanted or sung in unison. A Choral Ode was chanted or sung in unison. Originally, they Chorus started out with 50 people, but Sophocles fixed the number at 15. Originally, they Chorus started out with 50 people, but Sophocles fixed the number at 15.

20. The Chorus The playwright used the chorus and their songs to: The playwright used the chorus and their songs to: Add the beauty of song and dance. Add the beauty of song and dance. Set the mood or express the main themes of the play by commenting on the action. Set the mood or express the main themes of the play by commenting on the action. Create a bridge between the actors and the audience. Create a bridge between the actors and the audience. Converse with and give advice to the actors. Converse with and give advice to the actors. Tell about events that have already happened in the past. Tell about events that have already happened in the past. Foretell the future by interpreting the actions of the actors. Foretell the future by interpreting the actions of the actors.

21. The Stories Originally, the stories were hymns and prayers honoring the gods, especially Dionysus. Originally, the stories were hymns and prayers honoring the gods, especially Dionysus. Over time, the content of the stories changed to legends of Greek leaders and heroes. Over time, the content of the stories changed to legends of Greek leaders and heroes.

22. Tragedy In a tragedy, the plot revealed what happened to a person who went against the laws of the gods or who was too proud In a tragedy, the plot revealed what happened to a person who went against the laws of the gods or who was too proud This stems from the Greek belief that man was subject to the whims of the gods and fate. This stems from the Greek belief that man was subject to the whims of the gods and fate. The root of Greek tragedy is that man can not avoid suffering. The root of Greek tragedy is that man can not avoid suffering. In nearly all tragedies, man’s biggest fault is excessive pride – a mistaken belief that he could somehow avoid fate or the will of the gods. In nearly all tragedies, man’s biggest fault is excessive pride – a mistaken belief that he could somehow avoid fate or the will of the gods.

23. Greek Tragic Hero The Greek tragic hero had to be a man or woman capable of great suffering The Greek tragic hero had to be a man or woman capable of great suffering The tragic hero is brought to disaster by hamartia, or a single flaw in a person’s character. The tragic hero is brought to disaster by hamartia, or a single flaw in a person’s character.

24. Hubris Hubris is defined as excessive pride. Hubris is defined as excessive pride. Hubris leaves leads to suffering and then to an understanding (catharsis) of man’s place in the system of life. Hubris leaves leads to suffering and then to an understanding (catharsis) of man’s place in the system of life. Catharsis is an emotional release caused by an intense emotional experience. Catharsis is an emotional release caused by an intense emotional experience. The purpose of a Greek tragedy is to learn a lesson through the catastrophes that befall the characters on stage and to understand that their misfortunes are a result of not following the will of the Gods or trying to avoid their own destinies because of hubris. The purpose of a Greek tragedy is to learn a lesson through the catastrophes that befall the characters on stage and to understand that their misfortunes are a result of not following the will of the Gods or trying to avoid their own destinies because of hubris.

25. Structure of a Greek Tragedy 1. Prologue – the actors present the opening situation on stage 2. – the entering song and dance of the chorus 2. Parados – the entering song and dance of the chorus 3. Episodes – periods of more action by the actors 4. Stasima/Stasimon – choral ode or song commenting on the action 5. Exodus – the last action of the play

26. SOPHOCLES Sophocles was born in Colonus, Greece in 497 BCE Sophocles was born in Colonus, Greece in 497 BCE He died in 406 BCE at approximately 90 years of age. He died in 406 BCE at approximately 90 years of age. He Lived during the Golden Age ofl Greece He Lived during the Golden Age ofl Greece (The Golden Age of Greece was from approximately 800 BCE to 300 BCE) (The Golden Age of Greece was from approximately 800 BCE to 300 BCE) He was a successful musician, athlete, and respected playwright. He was a successful musician, athlete, and respected playwright. He was also active in social and political life. He was also active in social and political life. He held several priesthoods, was imperial treasurer in 443 BCE, and a general in 440 BCE He held several priesthoods, was imperial treasurer in 443 BCE, and a general in 440 BCE

27. Sophocles as a Playwright In the drama festivals of his day, Sophocles won the first place prize for best play 24 times! In the drama festivals of his day, Sophocles won the first place prize for best play 24 times! He wrote more than a hundred plays but only seven remain. He wrote more than a hundred plays but only seven remain. The most famous of his plays are: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, and Electra. The most famous of his plays are: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, and Electra.

28. Sophocles’ Impact on Drama Sophocles expanded the format of drama by adding a third actor. Sophocles expanded the format of drama by adding a third actor. He increased the amount of dialogue within a play. He increased the amount of dialogue within a play. He decreased the importance of the chorus by fixing its number at 15. He decreased the importance of the chorus by fixing its number at 15. He invented painted scenery and added flute music in the background of his plays. He invented painted scenery and added flute music in the background of his plays. He made each play of a trilogy stand by itself as a separate story. He made each play of a trilogy stand by itself as a separate story.

29. Antigone Antigone is the third of Sophocles’ Theban plays. Antigone is the third of Sophocles’ Theban plays. Antigone is Oedipus’ daughter, princess of Thebes. Antigone is Oedipus’ daughter, princess of Thebes. She breaks the law to bury her brother who has been labeled a traitor by the king, her uncle. She breaks the law to bury her brother who has been labeled a traitor by the king, her uncle.

30. Oedipus’ Sons Before his death, Oedipus leaves orders that his two sons share the role of king. Before his death, Oedipus leaves orders that his two sons share the role of king. One of his sons, Eteocles, refuses to step down. One of his sons, Eteocles, refuses to step down. Consequently, Polyneices attacks Thebes with an army. Consequently, Polyneices attacks Thebes with an army. Both brothers die in battle. Both brothers die in battle. Creon (Jocasta’s brother) is declared King. Creon (Jocasta’s brother) is declared King.

32. Masks in Greek Theater The use of masks in ancient Greek theater draw their origin from religious rituals. The members of the chorus wore masks, usually similar to each other but completely different from the leading actors. The use of masks in ancient Greek theater draw their origin from religious rituals. The members of the chorus wore masks, usually similar to each other but completely different from the leading actors. Because the number of actors varied from one to three, they had to put on different masks, in order to play more roles. The actors were all men. The mask was therefore necessary to let them play the female roles. Because the number of actors varied from one to three, they had to put on different masks, in order to play more roles. The actors were all men. The mask was therefore necessary to let them play the female roles. Usually the masks were made of linen, wood, or leather. A marble or stone face was used as a mold for the mask. Human or animal hair was also used. The eyes were fully drawn but in the place of the pupil of the eye was a small hole so that the actor could see. Usually the masks were made of linen, wood, or leather. A marble or stone face was used as a mold for the mask. Human or animal hair was also used. The eyes were fully drawn but in the place of the pupil of the eye was a small hole so that the actor could see.

33. Today’s Assignment—Background on Greek Theater/Antigone Complete the following Writing Prompt—Select one of the characters from the chart and consider his or her point of view. Based on the information in the scenarios, write an introduction to your character. Be sure to: Complete the following Writing Prompt—Select one of the characters from the chart and consider his or her point of view. Based on the information in the scenarios, write an introduction to your character. Be sure to: Include background information from the character’s scenario. Include background information from the character’s scenario. Provide an explanation that describes the character. Provide an explanation that describes the character. Predict how the character’s motivations might conflict with those of other characters. Predict how the character’s motivations might conflict with those of other characters. Pick one of the main characters from Antigone, and create a mask that reflects one of the emotions from the chart you completed. Write the name of the character on your mask. Be creative. Pick one of the main characters from Antigone, and create a mask that reflects one of the emotions from the chart you completed. Write the name of the character on your mask. Be creative.

34. “Trivia Game” Answers About the Author It’s a TragedyGreek Theater Antigone and Her Family $200Who is Sophocles?Who were the Greeks? What is Athens? What are Oedipus Rex and Oedipus at Colonius? $400What is 7?What is the ending for a hero in Greek Tragedy? What is the Choral Ode? Who were the parents of Oedipus? $600What is the nickname of the time period when Sophocles wrote his plays? What are the emotions aroused by tragedy? What did actors in a Greek tragedy wear? What is the prophecy? $800What is 28?What brought a hero to disaster in Greek tragedy? What was the Chorus? Who was Jocasta? $1000What is 3?What is catharsis?What is hypokrites? What is “bury Eteocles but not Polyneices”?

35. A Tragic Family CharacterThree Adjectives to Describe How you Feel Why do you feel this way?What will you do?Why do you think this is a just response? CreonSad Angry Vengeful Sad and angry that my nephews are dead, and vengeful that my decree was disobeyed. Take out my anger on the person who disobeyed me. I am the king, so my subjects should obey my rules. AntigoneAngry Self-righteous Indignant I am angry because my brother is being disrespected. Disobey the law. I care about my family. IsmeneAfraid Compassionat e Worried I am worried about my sister, but understand why she broke the law. Support my sister, but not break the law. My family is more important to me than the law. HaemonDistressed Loving Careful I am upset that my fiancée is in trouble. Support my fiancée, but I have to be careful not to make my dad upset. I love both my fiancée and my dad. The Chorus Cautious Distressed We have to be careful not to upset the king. Stay neutral.We have to be good citizens. The Guard Scared Angry I didn’t do my job correctly. Be honest.If I don’t tell the truth, I will get in more trouble.