1. The Atlantic World, 1492-1800

2. I. Spain Colonizes the Americas 1492 – Columbus sets sail in search of route to IndiaColumbus  Never reached India, “discovered” Americas for Spain Spain began turning lands of the Americas into colonies:  Lands that are controlled by another nation Other explorers  Pedro Alvares Cabral – claimed land that becomes Brazil for Portuguese  Ferdinand Magellan – sailed south around South America, sailed west through Pacific Ocean  Died in Philippines  Only 18 of 250 men made it back to Spain

3. I. Continued… Conquistadors  Hernando Cortes – defeated Aztecs in 1521  Superior weapons, diseases from Old World (small pox, measles, typhus)  Francisco Pizarro – conquered Incan Empire in 1532  Francisco de Coronado – headed north to present- day United States in search of gold Settling In  Spanish imposed their culture onto Natives  Forced conversion to Catholicism, feudal-like social/economic system  Large mestizo population develops – mix of Spanish and Native American  System of encomiendas enforced – natives were forced to work for Spanish landholders  Workers were abused, worked in harsh conditions

4. I. Continued… Spain becomes richest, most powerful nation in 16 th century  Increased its wealth and military, increased territorial holdings into North America Catholic priests became leaders in colonizing and converting in North America  Many, however, pushed for better treatment of native peoples  Encomienda system abolished in 1542 – moved towards African slavery as main source of labor Native rebellions  Starting as early as Columbus’ arrival, natives resisted Spanish rule  1680 – Pueblo Indians organized a rebellion that pushed the Spanish out of southwest U.S. for 12 years

5. II. Settlement of North America England, France, and the Netherlands began competing with Spain and Portugal for dominance in Americas France set up in modern-day Canada, known then as New France  Began moving south – by early 1700s, claimed what is now midwestern U.S., all the way to Louisiana midwestern U.S., all the way to Louisiana England’s first colony was founded in 1607 – Jamestown, Virginia  Opened the door to more settlers, mostly stayed along eastern coast The Dutch establish New Netherland, profiting from the fur trade  Was slow to attract settlers

6. II. Continued… Series of battles between European powers dominated the 17 th and 18 th centuries  1664 – English drive out Dutch (surrendered without firing a shot)  1754 – French and Indian War began  Was a part of a larger world conflict called the Seven Years’ War  French were defeated in 1763, England claimed all their territory in N. America Native Americans  Came into conflict with English settlers over land and religion  Led to a series of wars and battles  1675 – King Philip’s War was bloodiest on both sides  Disease killed more native people than warfare

7. III. Slave Trade Slavery had already existed in Africa for centuries  Slavery among African societies common, represented wealth  Slaves had some rights, even held positions of authority  Arab merchants traded slaves to Asia beginning in 8 th century Portuguese the first to explore Africa  At first, more interested in gold than slaves  As Native American population dwindled, the need for other sources of labor increased in the Americas Between 1500 and 1850, more than 12 million Africans shipped to Americas  Estimated 10-20% died along the way  Middle Passage – name of slave voyage to Americas Overcrowded, unsanitary conditions Often led to death, suicide, rebellions  Mostly men were shipped (tipped balance of African population)  Local African rulers worked with Europeans for trade of slaves/goods

8. III. Continued… Directly linked to plantation and mining economies of Americas  Triangular trade – slaves to America, raw materials to Europe, European goods to Africa, cycle repeats itself Triangular trade Impact of the Slave Trade  African families torn apart, women outnumbered men in many areas  Conflicts between African societies increased  Economies of American colonies may not have survived without the work of the slaves  Cultural blending – mix of African culture with that of the Americas/Europe  Religions – mixed Catholicism/Protestantism with traditional African beliefs (example: Vodun in Haiti)

9. III. Continued… Slave resistance and rebellion Kept cultural heritage alive as a way of resisting Worked slowly, broke tools, ran away Open revolts occurred throughout Americas Examples: Haitian independence movement, Nat Turner in U.S. End of Slave Trade  Abolition of the slave trade came from a variety of reasons:  Enlightenment thinking  Christian revivalism/humanitarianism  Industrial revolution – less emphasis on agriculture labor  Slave trade less important/profitable than trade of other commodities  Last country to end slave trade – Brazil (1831)

10. IV. Global Economy Colonization of Americas created more opportunities for trade and commerce  A truly global economy emerged as goods (and people) are shipped worldwide Columbian Exchange – global transfer of foods, plants, animals during colonization of the Americas Columbian Exchange  Agricultural products found in New World made their way to the Old World for first time  2 most important from Americas: corn and potatoes Played huge role in boosting world population  Americas received foods and animals not seen before  Examples: sugarcane, horses, cows  Diseases also part of exchange (mostly to the Americas)

11. IV. Continued… Economic Revolution  Global trade created new economic systems and focus on wealth in growing nations  Mercantilism – belief that a country’s power depended on its wealth  Goal was to obtain as much wealth as possible  Wealth was obtained through export of goods  Colonies became important for nations to become self- sufficient and grow wealthy (access to raw materials, labor)  Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit  Individual merchants, not just governments, became very wealthy and powerful through trade

12. 5-Minute Response Choose one of the Social Studies Themes (political, social, religious, economic, technological) and describe in detail the changes that occurred in the Atlantic World in the 15 th -18 th centuries.