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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 8 The Muscular System
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Function of Muscles Slide 6.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Produce movement of the body and its parts Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate and distribute heat Provides muscle tone Propel body fluids and food
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The Muscular System Slide 6.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement – they contract or shorten and are the machine of the body Three basic muscle types are found in the body Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
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Characteristics of Muscles Slide 6.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments
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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Slide 6.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most are attached by tendons to bones Cells are multinucleate Striated – have visible banding Voluntary – subject to conscious control
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics Slide 6.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has no striations Spindle-shaped cells Single nucleus Involuntary – no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs Slow, sustained and tireless Figure 6.2a
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Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Slide 6.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has striations Usually has a single nucleus Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc Involuntary Found only in the heart Steady pace! Figure 6.2b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Slide 6.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells are multinucleate Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Slide 6.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Myofibril Bundles of myofilaments Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands I band = light band A band = dark band Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Slide 6.10b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sarcomere Contractile unit of a muscle fiber Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Slide 6.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organization of the sarcomere Thick filaments = myosin filaments Composed of the protein myosin Has ATPase enzymes Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Slide 6.12a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges) Myosin and actin overlap somewhat Figure 6.3d
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Properties of Skeletal Muscle Activity (single cells or fibers) Slide 6.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Irritability – ability to receive and respond to a stimulus Contractility – ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Slide 6.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract (motor neuron) Motor unit One neuron Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron Figure 6.4a
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The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Slide 6.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (crossbridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin filament Figure 6.7
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The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Slide 6.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted) Figure 6.7
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The Sliding Filament Theory Slide 6.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.8
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Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Slide 6.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses Graded responses – different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening, rapid stimulus = constant contraction or tetanus
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Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli Slide 6.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy
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Energy for Muscle Contraction Slide 6.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Initially, muscles used stored ATP for energy Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
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Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt Slide 6.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove oxygen debt Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Types of Muscle Contractions Slide 6.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isotonic (aka aerobic or dynamic) contractions Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions The muscle shortens Isometric (resistance contractions) Tension in the muscles increases The muscle is unable to shorten
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Muscle Tone Slide 6.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A continuous contraction of fibers which keeps muscles shapely & healthy Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
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Muscles and Body Movements Slide 6.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone Figure 6.12
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Muscles and Body Movements Slide 6.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles are attached to at least two points Origin – attachment to an immoveable bone Insertion – attachment to a movable bone Figure 6.12
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Effects of Exercise on Muscle Slide 6.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Results of increased muscle use Increase in muscle size Increase in muscle strength Increase in muscle efficiency Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements Slide 6.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together Extension- opposite of flexion Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis, shaking head “no” Abduction/Adduction (see slides) Circumduction (see slides)
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Body Movements Slide 6.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.13
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Left: Abduction – moving the leg away from the midline Above – Adduction- moving toward the midline Right: Circumduction: cone- shaped movement, proximal end doesn’t move, while distal end moves in a circle.
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Types of Muscles Slide 6.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator – acts to hold a bone still (origin) so that all tension can be used to move insertion bone
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles Slide 6.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Direction of muscle fibers Example: rectus (straight) Relative size of the muscle Example: maximus (largest)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles Slide 6.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of the muscle Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis) Number of origins Example: triceps (three heads)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of the muscles origin and insertion Example: sterno (on the sternum) Shape of the muscle Example: deltoid (triangular) Action of the muscle Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
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Head and Neck Muscles Slide 6.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.14
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.15
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Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles Slide 6.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.16
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Slide 6.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.18c
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Muscles of the Lower Leg Slide 6.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.19
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior Slide 6.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.20
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior Slide 6.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.21
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Disorders relating to the Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlarge due to increased fat and connective tissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy
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