1. JOSE A.S. SANTIAGO M.D.

2. The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement Three basic muscle types are found in the body 1. Skeletal muscle -voluntary 2. Cardiac muscle - involuntary 3. Smooth muscle (Visceral) - involuntary

3. Nerve stimulus to muscles Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract Motor unit One neuron Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

4. Types of muscle contractions 1. Isotonic contractions The muscle shortens 2. Isometric contractions Tension in the muscles increases The muscle is unable to shorten

5. Nerve stimulus to muscles Neurotransmitter – chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is acetylcholine

6. Skeletal Attachments Origin - Attachment to immovable bone Insertion - Attachment to movable bone 6

7. Skeletal Attachments Ligaments Bone to bone Tendons (cord-like structure) Muscle to bone 7

8. Tenosynovium Tendon sheath - covering of a tendon

9. Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the tendon sheath

10. Skeletal Attachments Aponeuroses - Flat, sheet-like structure

11. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Endomysium – around single muscle fiber Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers

12. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle Figure 6.1

13. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Fascia - on the outside of the epimysium - band of tissue surrounding the muscle Figure 6.1

14. Fasci /o - fascia Fascial - pertaining to the fascia Fasciectomy - excision of the fascia Fascitis - inflammation of the fascia Fasciorrhaphy -repair of the fascia

15. Types of Ordinary Body Movements Flexion- bending a limb Extension- stretching out a limb Rotation- turning of body part about its axis Abduction- drawing away from Adduction- drawing toward Circumduction- movement in a circular motion

16. Body Movements

17. Special Movements Dorsiflexion- bending the foot upward Plantar flexion- foot bends toward the sole Inversion- foot rotated inward Eversion- foot rotated outward Supination- turning the palm forward Pronation- turning the palm backward Opposition- moving the thumb opposite to the fingers

18. 18 Naming of Skeletal Muscles Direction of muscle fibers Example: rectus (straight) Relative size of the muscle Example: maximus (largest) Location of the muscle Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis) Number of origins Example: triceps (three heads)

19. 19 Naming of Skeletal Muscles Location of the muscles origin and insertion Example: sterno (on the sternum) Shape of the muscle Example: deltoid (triangular) Action of the muscle Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)

20. Superficial Muscles: Anterior

21. Superficial Muscles: Posterior

22. 22 Roots – Muscular Duct/oto draw Electr/oelectric Fasci/ofascia Kinesi/omovement Lei/o smooth Muscul/o; my/omuscle

23. Electr/o - electric Myo- muscle -graphy process of recording Electromyography -process of recording the electrical activity of muscle

24. Kinesi/o - movement -logy - study of Kinesiology- study of movement -meter- instrument for measuring Kinesimeter - instrument for measuring movement

25. Lei/o - smooth My/o - muscle -oma - tumor Leiomyoma - benign tumor of smooth muscle

26. Leiomy/o - smooth muscle -sarcoma - malignant tumor of connective tissue Leiomyosarcoma - malignant tumor of smooth muscle

27. Muscul/o - muscle Muscular- pertaining to muscle Musculoskeletal- pertaining to muscle and skeleton

28. My/o - muscle -gram - record Electromyogram -record of the electrical currents in a muscle

29. My/o - muscle -algia - pain Myalgia – muscle pain

30. My/o - muscle -algia - pain Fibr/o - fiber Fibromyalgia - pain in fibrous tissues such as muscles, tendons and ligaments

31. My/o - muscle -pathy - disease Myopathy – any muscular disease

32. Myos/o - muscle -itis- inflammation Myositis-inflammation of muscle

33. Myos/o - muscle Poly- many Polymyositis-inflammation of many muscles

34. Rhabd/o - striped;striated -oma - tumor Rhabdomyoma -benign tumor of striated muscles

35. Rhabd/o - striped;striated Rhabdomyosarcoma -malignant tumor of striated muscles

36. Rhabd/o - striped;striated -lysis - breakdown Rhabdomyolysis -breakdown of striated muscle tissue

37. THANK YOU