1. IceCube Neutrino Telescope Astroparticle Physics at the South Pole Brendan Fox Pennsylvania State University for the IceCube Collaboration VLVNT08 - Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes 2008 - Toulon, France

2. USA (11) Europe (15) Japan New Zealand Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA UC Berkeley, USA UC Irvine, USA Clark-Atlanta University, USA University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA Univ. of Maryland, USA University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA University of Wisconsin-River Falls, USA LBNL, Berkeley, USA Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Universiteit Gent, Belgium Humboldt Universität, Germany Universität Mainz, Germany DESY Zeuthen, Germany Universität Dortmund, Germany Universität Wuppertal, Germany MPI Heidelberg, Germany RWTH Aachen Uppsala University, Sweden Stockholm University, Sweden Oxford University, UK Utrecht University, Netherlands Chiba University, Japan University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ ANTARCTICA The IceCube Collaboration Amundsen-Scott Station 29 institutions ~250 people

3. Detecting Neutrinos In Ice Muon neutrino Electron neutrinoTau neutrino Phototubes  Track: + increased detection volume - energy measurement “okay” +  points along , i.e. to source Cascade: - must be in detector + good energy measurement - limited pointing capability -  background (brems’ng) - cosmic ray  background Hybrid: - must be in detector + best energy measurement + pointing capability + nil background - need E>o(1000 TeV) (also includes NC ,  )

4. IceCube-AMANDA AMANDA Eiffel Tower Svenska Dagbladet Digital Optical Module (DOM) currently instrumented IceTop - ICECUBE : 4800 DOMs on 80 strings - ICETOP : 160 Ice-Cherenkov tank surface array (IceTop) - AMANDA: 677 OMs surrounded by IceCube

5. IceCube Digital Optical Module Low intrinsic noise ~ 500 Hz Fast digitization 30 ms/channel Waveform: 4 channels/128 sample Low power consumption 5 W per DOM Up to 12  s combined waveform length Variable sampling speed: 250 - 800 MHz Up to 200-300 p.e./10 ns charge resolution

6. IceCube Digital Optical Module

7. DOM Final Acceptance Testing ~60 DOMs at time 3 identical setups at UW-Madison (USA) 1 setup at DESY-Zeuthen (Germany) 1 setup at Uppsala University (Sweden) freezer

8. Most PMTs achieve 1e7 at 1100-1600 Volts 1260 Volts1340 VoltsGain vs. HV Fit 1e7 DOMCal Summary for FAT22 Budweiser-TP4Y0031 1.6pC Charge (pC) HV Require 5e7 at <2kV

9. Laser pulses @15kHz occupancy ~0.04 laser trigger times recorded in dedicated “Sync DOM” PMT signal recorded in DOM 100,000 synchronized hits sampling time 3.5nsec pulse height ~5mV @1e7 digitizer 0.1mV/count Time computed from leading edge (50% of pulse maximum) Resolution 2-3nsec includes DAQ time slewing relative to Sync DOM Time Resolution Test

10. Dark rate monitoring ~120 hours checking for: Average Rate 2-3kHz –includes non-PMT contributions –will be 650Hz in ice (or 300Hz without double- counting time-correlated noise) No instabilities Rate (kHz) Temp (°C) –35°C –10°C 5e7

11. 08-09 09-10 Construction Plan Overview IC-40 DEPLOYED AMANDA … drilling/deployment plans for the 10-11 season being discussed

12. Schematic of Hot Water Drilling

14. String Deployment

15. 2007-08 Season … 18 strings deployed!

16. Commissioning String 39 two-week freeze-in movie

17. Commissioning 76 5281136820

18. 76 DOMs589 DOMs1390 DOMs 39-22 “Liljeholmen” stops communicating properly 30-60 “Rowan” stops communicating 2515 DOMs 39-61 “Hydrogen” PMT breaks 66-33 “New_York” and 66-34 “Dou_Mu” go high current 54-47 “Garbanzo_bean” stops communicating 39-21 “Aspudden” slows down DOM Survivability

19. DOM-to-DOM Synchronization RAPCAL: Sync each DOM to GPS time

20. Initial Timing Verification 17m dom 10 dom 11 string 76

21. Initial Timing Verification Means Sigmas … timing of all DOMs within spec (  <3 ns)

22. Timing Verification With Muons string 49 Cherenkov Photons  track Emission on the Cherenkov Cone

23. Long-Term Stability of Timing track position of leading edge on monthly basis … … timing stable over IC-22 data-taking period

24. Initial String Geometry

25. String Geometry - z check

26. For string 64, the stage 1 depth was a bit of guess since the pressure sensor broken.

27. String Geometry - (x,y) check Select well reconstructed muon tracks Vary (x,y) of DOM … look at the log-likelihood -vs- (x,y) Minimium will be where the DOM is situated MC studies still underway … technique looks promising

28. Readout Scheme

29. Detector Monitoring Snapshot

30. Neutrinos in IC-9 (2006) J. Pretz, Ph.D. thesis (Maryland) [DRUM 1903-4163] 1.Online filtering at Pole to isolate sample of “good” up-going candidates 2.Transfer this sample by satellite to North 3.More refined analysis … … Log-likelihood reconstruction, etc. … apply additional quality cuts, etc. to gain more down-going muon rejection Ratio of data to simulation: At selected cut strength of 10: 234 up-going  in 137.4 live-days of data (purity of neutrino sample > 95%) RESULT Mis-reconstructed atmospheric muons

31. Neutrinos in IC-9 (2006) t ~ 90-110° … muon background peaks in  artifact of the IC-9 string configuration ZENITHAZIMUTH

32. Prospects for IC-22 … IC-40 … (Integrated Exposure) Graph shows cumulative km 3 ·yr of exposure × volume 1 km 3 ·yr reached 2 years before detector is completed Close to 4 km 3 ·yr at the beginning of 1 st year of full array operation. “Actual” NOTE: not adjusted for actual

33. Upcoming Season Plans 1996-2001: AMANDA 2004-05: 1 string 2005-06: 8 2006-07: 13 –12 planned 2007-08: 18 –14 planned 2008-09: 16+ 2009-10: 16+ 2010-11: 7+ 08-09 09-10

34. String Layout Options Olaf Schulz Preliminary design DEEP CORE UHE STRINGS

35. Conclusions Drilling/deployment of IceCube strings is going well Deployment of IceTop stations also on target (40 stations deployed) IceCube components (DOMs/daq/triggers/filter/etc.) up and going IceCube is working as expected … first physics results from IC-22 (318 days @ 95% uptime) … IC-40 data-taking started April 1, 2008 IceTop-40 is working too … tank/station performance as per specs … first physics physics from IC-22 being prepared now AMANDA integrated into IceCube … low energy results improved by using IceCube as veto In the future, - Low energy core planned … first string to be deployed 08-09 - UHE arrangement of final strings underway … Elisa Resconi discussed the physics expected from IceCube + these extensions.

36. BACKUP SLIDES

37. IceCube Triggering 4 3 5 2 1 InIce: - Local coincidence between neighboring modules (variable time window: presently = 1 us) On the surface: - require N DOMs  8 within 5 us window Form event from all “hits” within ±8 us of trigger } LC

38. Scattering Absorption Bubbles at higher depth dust layers Average optical parameters: abs ~ 110 m @ 400 nm sca ~ 20 m @ 400 nm Ice Properties