1. “History is very valuable, because it is the combination of the hard work & sacrifices that brilliant people made to forge the world that we live in.” - Anonymous

4. History Automobiles Through the Years Since originated on late 1800s, Changed and Developed in response to -Consumer Wishes, -Economic Conditions, and -Advancing Technology Current designs continue to reflect economic awareness, although many different markets exists

5. History… 4,000 Years ago Used for Transportation in India 15 th Century Portuguese & Chinese Created Wheel that Turned Under its Own Power 1600 Small Steam-Powered Engine Models developed

6. Cugnot Steam Tractor 1769-First Automobile-By Nicolas Cugnot Three-wheeled steam-powered vehicle Speed ≈ 3.2 km/h (2mph) Had to stop every 20min to build up fresh head of steam

7. Few Records 1801Heavy steam automobiles introduced in England 1802Steam powered coach journeyed 160km (100mi) Mid 1800-England-extensive network of steam coach lines 1830Steam carriages used for first omni bus service in London 1906Stanley steamer established world land speed record 205.44km/h(121.573mph)

8. Internal - Combustion Engine 1860One-cylinder engine, kerosene- fuel. 1864Two-cylinder gasoline engine 1876Otto built four-stroke gas engine 2-stroke engines accomplish the same steps, but less efficiently & with more exhaust emissions. 1885Gasoline-powered engine mounted onto bicycle-motorcycle & 1887First car- included steering tiller & 4- speed gearbox - Daimler & Maybach

9. In 1885 German engineer Gottlieb Daimler mounted an engine of his own design into a wood-framed vehicle. The vehicle had 4 wheels, including 2 round stabilizing wheels. World’s first motorcycle.

10. Early Car 1885First practical car (gasoline car) – By Karl Benz Incorporating differential drive & other components

11. Design Improvements 1891Peugeot automobile paced 1,046-km (650-mi) 1894Instead of installing engine under seats, front-mounted engine under hood along with clutch, gears, & separate construction of the chassis designed 1899Fiat in Italy – began building cars

12. Horseless Carriage 1893 -By Duryea brothers -Original Horseless Carriage - -America’s First Internal Combustion Motor Car -Henry Ford built IC Engine 1896- Henry Ford used engine power on bicycle steered by tiller

13. Early Electric Cars 1800sElectric engines (quiet, slow speed & not scaring to horse & people), enjoyed great popularity 1899Electric car designed & driven to set a record of 105.8810 km/h (65.79 mph) Most electric cars-top speed 48km/h (30mph), could go only 80km (50mi) before recharging

14. 20 th Century For many years commonly used power sources- steam engines, gasoline engines and electric motors. Gasoline powered engines became universal choice to have – longer trips & faster speeds 1902First American car (Locomobile) had 4-cyinder,water cooled, front mounted gasoline engine – very similar in design to most cars today

15. Shaping Up! 1906Gasoline powered cars had - a hood covered front mounted engine - two kerosene/acetylene lamps (head lights) - fenders covering wheels & step up platforms - passenger compartment-behind engine 1911Electric self starter introduced to replace hand crank to start engine Electric head lights introduced

16. Ford 1903First automobile – Ford Model A each year new Ford models B, C... 1908-1927 – 15 million cars of Model T adopting innovative assembly line method Affordable for an average wage earner!

17. Prof. B Dinesh Prabhu P E S C E Mandya Assembly of a Model T Two workers mount an engine into the chassis of a Ford Model T that was put together at earlier points on the assembly line.

18. Prof. B Dinesh Prabhu P E S C E Mandya Luxury Automobiles (For comfort & style rather than speed) 1909 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost -quiet 6-cylinder engine, leather interior, folding windscreens & aluminum body.

19. Prof. B Dinesh Prabhu P E S C E Mandya Desgin Improvements 1920Synchromesh Transmission (for easy gear shifting), improved carburetors, shatterproof glass, heaters, balloon tires, 4 - wheel hydraulic brake systems, pressed-steel wheels, and mechanically operated wind shield wipers incorporated

20. Prof. B Dinesh Prabhu P E S C E Mandya Vintage Models Made to individual specifications 1929 – Graham Paige DC Phaeton 8-cylinder engine & aluminum body

21. Improvements 1930 -1937 Large Engines (12-16 cylinder) & large -luxurious Bodies Independent front suspension, (made big cars more comfortable ) more reliable braking systems, higher-compression engines (for more hp) 1936 - Mercedes introduced World’s first Diesel Car

22. Convenient, Reliable& Inexpensive 1937Pontiac De Luxe Sedan roomy interior rear hinged back door suited to the needs of families

23. Improvements 1940Automatic transmission, sealed-beam headlights, and tubeless tires Studebaker Champion two-door sedan

24. Prof. B Dinesh Prabhu P E S C E Mandya “Car For The People” 1949A combination of look and economy that remained popular for more than four decades. VW Beetle

25. Prof. B Dinesh Prabhu P E S C E Mandya “Car For The People” Volkswagen “Beetle” With a rear-mounted engine and rounded, bug like shape, appealed to buyers seeking utilitarian good looks, easy serviceability, and fuel efficiency. The classic Beetle became the best-selling car of all time, with more than 21 million sold. VW New Beetle In early 1998 Volkswagen put the first “New Beetle” on the American market

26. New Features 1950Air conditioning electrically operated car windows seat adjusters. change over from the 6-volt to the12- volt ignition system, for better engine performance and more reliable operation of electrical accessories. Power steering & Power Brakes!

27. Powerful High-performance Cars 1957Mercedes-Benz 300SL-Gullwing compact & stylized 230kmh(144mph) -Door opens upward Like gull’s wings

28. 1957 Cadillac El Dorado convertible consumers loved the look, demanded fins of increasing size until 1960s Consumers Loved The Look

29. Improvements 1960American cars-built Small, Increased Engine Size & Horse Power Heating and ventilating systems became standard equipment. Automatic transmissions, power brakes & power steering-widespread. Styling prevailed over practicality! 1970Catalytic converters introduced to reduce exhaust emissions.

30. 1964 - MustangFord’s best early sales success since introduction of Model T. popular characteristics small, fast design, excellent handling, powerful engine & distinctive look. “Muscle Car”

31. Advances in Technology 1980Digital speedometer & electronic prompts to service parts -Sporty cars & family mini vans -Better engine control & use of innovative types of fuel 1981On-board computer to monitor engine performance -A solar-powered vehicle, traveled 3,000 km (1,864 mi) in Australia in six days.

32. Modern Cars 1992 MR-2 Turbo T-bar Toyota aerodynamically shaped, light & compact

33. New Technologies 1997 Gas-Electric Hybrids-Toyota Prius four-seat hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) first HEV- Japan

34. Better-smarter 1990sPollution control laws adopted 1996EV1 all electric car – first sold by GM - Redesigned, quieter Diesel engines by Volkswagon – used in passenger cars! - Engines run on Hydrogen tested Expanded use of computer technology, development of stronger & lighter materials & research on pollution – produce better-smarter automobiles

35. Computer control! 1990sComputer control of automobile systems In modern cars, CPU -manages overall engine performance. Microprocessors regulating other systems share data with the CPU Computers manage F/A mixture ratios, ign.timing, & emission levels, adjust antilock braking & traction control systems, control air conditioning, heating, sound system & information displayed in dash board

36. New Technologies 1980sThe notion that a car would “talk” to its driver was science fiction; by the 1990s it had become reality. 1990sOnboard navigation - By using the satellite-aided global positioning system (GPS), a computer in the automobile can pinpoint the vehicle’s location within a few meters

37. New Technologies… The onboard navigation system uses -electric compass, digitized maps, a display screen showing location of vehicle relative to intended destination After mentioning, computer locates destination & directs driver, offering alternative routes if needed Also GPS system helps in emergency situations to locate & direct the concerned

38. New Technologies… Cars equipped with computers and cellular phones can link to Internet to obtain constantly updated traffic reports, weather information, route directions and other data Built-in computer systems may be used to automatically obtain business information over Internet and manage personal affairs while driving

39. Looking Ahead Devises to -reduce driver errors and poor driving habits. -prevent intoxicated drivers from starting their vehicles. -Anti-collision systems with sensors and warning signals -slow the vehicle if it is following another vehicle too closely -warn drivers when another vehicle is in their “blind spot.” Courtesy – Microsoft Encarta