2.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_OI4TtzlDw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_OI4TtzlDw Stem Cells Regenerate New Finger!

3.  Before a cell grows too large, it divides into two new “daughter” cells in a process called cell division.

4.  Before dividing, each cell must pass on genetic information to each new cell.  The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent is known as asexual reproduction.  Offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherit some of their genetic information from each parent.

5.  Asexual reproduction is reproduction that involves a single parent producing an offspring. The offspring produced are genetically identical to the single cell that produced them.  Asexual reproduction is a simple, efficient, and effective way for an organism to produce a large number of offspring.  Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic single- celled organisms and many multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually.

6.  In sexual reproduction, offspring are produced by the fusion of two sex cells – one from each of two parents. These fuse into a single cell before the offspring can grow.  The offspring produced inherit some genetic information from both parents.

7.  The genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next is carried by chromosomes.  Every cell must copy its genetic information before cell division begins.  Each daughter cell gets its own copy of that genetic information.

8. Is the picture below an example of asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction? Explain your answer using the word parent.

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10.  During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.

11.  The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.  Interphase is the time between cell divisions. It is a period of growth that consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases. The M phase is the period of cell division.

12.  In the G1 phase, cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles.

13.  In the S (or synthesis) phase, new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated.

14.  In the G2 phase, many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.  Ex. Spindle Fiber

15.  In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two stages: mitosis and cytokinesis.  Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus.  Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

16.  Chromatid – each strand of a duplicated chromosome  Centromere – the area where each pair of chromatids is joined  Centrioles – tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize the spindle  Spindle – a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids

17.  During prophase, the first phase of mitosis, the duplicated chromosome condenses and becomes visible.  The centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus and help organize the spindle.  The nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down.

18.  During metaphase, the second phase of mitosis, the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.  The spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.

19.  During anaphase, the third phase of mitosis, the centromeres are pulled apart and the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.

20.  During telophase, the fourth and final phase of mitosis, the chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin.  A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes.  The spindle breaks apart, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.

21.  Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.  Cytokinesis completes the process of cell division – it splits one cell into two.  In plants, a cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes.

22.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwcwSZIfKlM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwcwSZIfKlM

23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpAa4TWjHQ4&index=3 &list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1FFrTjLejW-YCkEO17D9TMd

24.  The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell.  The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.

25.  Internal regulators are proteins that respond to events inside a cell. They allow the cell cycle to proceed only once certain processes have happened inside the cell.  External regulators are proteins that respond to events outside the cell. They direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle.  Growth factors are external regulators that stimulate the growth and division of cells. They are important during embryonic development and wound healing.

26.  Cyclins are a family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. This graph shows how cyclin levels change throughout the cell cycle in fertilized clam eggs.

27.  Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death.  Apoptosis plays a role in development by shaping the structure of tissues and organs in plants and animals.

28.  Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. As a result, the cells divide uncontrollably.  Cancer cells divide uncontrollably to form a mass of cells called a tumor. A benign tumor is noncancerous. A malignant tumor is cancerous The spread of cancer cells is called metastasis.

29.  Cancers are caused by defects in genes that regulate cell growth and division.  Some sources of gene defects are smoking tobacco, radiation exposure, defective genes, and viral infection.

30.  P53: Tumor Suppressor Genes  BRCA1: Breast Cancer  Her2/Neu: Ovarian Cancer  APC: Colon Cancer

31.  Some localized tumors can be removed by surgery.  Many tumors can be treated with targeted radiation.  Chemotherapy is the use of compounds that kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.

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