1. AP Chapter 17 The Transformation of the West 1450-1750

2. The Italian Renaissance Largely an artistic movement, the Renaissance challenged Medieval intellectual values and styles Writers such as Boccaccio and Petrarch had promoted classical literary cannons against Medieval logic and theology, writing in Italian as well as the traditional Latin and emphasizing secular subjects such as love and pride

3. Italian Writers of the Renaissance BoccaccioPetrach

4. Continued Painting turned to new realism and classical and human centered themes Niccole Machiavelli emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power Overall, Italian Renaissance culture stressed themes of humanism: a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor

5. Continued Religion was not attacked, but its principles were no longer predominant Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more openly profit seeking than their Medieval counterparts had been City leaders sponsored cultural activities and tried to improve the administration of the economy

6. Cosimo de Medici

7. The Renaissance Moves Northward By 1500 Italy began to decline as a Renaissance center French and Spanish monarchs began to invade the Italian peninsula, reducing political independence New Atlantic trade routes reduced the importance of Med. Ports, a huge blow to the Italian economy

8. Northern Renaissance As Renaissance creativity faded in its Italian birthplace, it passed northward The Northern Renaissance focused in France, the Low Countries, England. And Germany-began after 1450 Classical styles in art and architecture became the rage Knowledge of Greek and Latin literature gained ground, although many northern humanist wrote in their own language (the vernacular)

9. Continued Northern humanist were more religious than their Italian counterparts Renaissance writers such as Shakespeare in England and Rabelais in France also mixed classical themes with an earthiness-a joy in bodily functions and humans, passion-that maintained elements of Medieval popular culture

10. Northern Renaissance Writers ShakespeareRabelais

11. Northern Renaissance Political Change Kings such as Francis I of France became patrons of the arts

12. Continued By the late 16 th Century, many monarchs were sponsoring trading companies and colonial enterprises Ordinary people were little touched by Renaissance values; the life of most peasants and artisans went on much as before Economic life also changed little, particularly outside the Italian commercial centers

13. Changes in Technology and Family Spurred by trading contacts with Asia, workers in the West improved the quality of pulleys and pumps in mines and learned how to forge stronger iron products Printing was introduced in the 15thy Century when German Johannes Gutenberg introduced movable type, building on Chinese printing technology Literacy began to gain ground and became a fertile source of new kinds of thinking

14. Johannes Gutenberg

15. Family Patterns in the 15 th Century This pattern involved a late marriage age and a primary emphasis on nuclear families of parents and children rather than the extended family The goal was to limit family birth rates These changes emphasized the importance of husband-wife relations Most people could not marry until they had access to property

16. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther nailed a document containing 95 thesis or propositions, to the door of the castle church at Wittenberg He was protesting claims made by a Papal representatives in selling indulgences or grants of salvation, for money, but in fact his protest went further

17. Martin Luther

18. What Martin Believed Only faith could gain salvation Church sacraments were not the path, for God could not be manipulated Monasticism was wrong, priests should marry The Bible should be translated from Latin so ordinary people could have direct access to its teachings

19. Martin Luther

20. Princes Become Protestant Princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence and seize Church land The Lutherans version of Protestantism (as the general wave of religious dissent was called) urged the State control of the Church as an alternative to Papal authority, and this had obvious political appeal Because faith alone gained salvation money making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism

21. Protestantism In England, Henry VIII began to set-up an Anglican Church, initially to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage, which had failed to produce an heir

22. Henry VIII of England

23. John Calvin Jean (John) Calvin, a Frenchman established his base in the Swiss city of Geneva Calvinism insisted on God’s predestination, or prior determination, of those who would be saved By the early 17 th Century, Puritan exiles brought it to America

24. John Calvin

25. Catholic Reformation Under a Catholic Reformation, a major Church council revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no special sacramental power and could marry They also attacked popular superstitions and remnants of magical belief, which meant that Catholics and Protestants alike were trying to find new ways to shape the outlook of ordinary folk

26. Jesuits The Jesuits became active in politics, education, and missionary work, regaining some parts of Europe for the Church Jesuits fervor also sponsored Catholic missionary activity in Asia and the Americas

27. The End of Christian Unity in the West France was a scene of bitter battles between Calvinist and Catholic forces These disputes ended only with the granting of tolerance to Protestants through the Edict of Nantes in 1598

28. Thirty Years’ War In Germany, the Thirty Years’ War broke out in 1618, pitting German Protestants and allies such as Lutherans from Sweden against the Holy Roman Emperor, backed by Spain It was only ended by the Treaty of Westphalia, which agreed to the territorial tolerance concept

29. English Civil War Religious fighting punctuated British History, first before the reign of Elizabeth in the 16th Century, then in the English Civil War in the 1640s Religious issues combined with Parliament’s rights to control over royal actions and some rather tactless assertions of authority by a new line of English Kings

30. Continued The Civil War ended in 1660, full resolution came only in 1688-89 when limited religious toleration was granted to most Protestants (but not Catholic) faiths

31. Oliver Cromwell

32. Continued Christian unity could not be restored, although in most individual countries the idea of full religious liberty was still in the future The religious wars persuaded some people that religion itself was suspect The wars affected the political balance of Europe Protestantism, abolishing religious convents, made marriage more necessary for women than before

33. The Commercial Revolution The level of European trade rose sharply, and many Europeans had new goods available to them during the 16 th Century Involvement with markets and merchants increased The massive import of gold and silver supply from Spain’s new colonies in Latin America forced prices up

34. Continued New wealth heightened demand for products to sell Price inflation Inflation encouraged merchants to take new risks for borrowing was cheap when money was losing value Inflation and the New Colonies opportunities led to the formation of the great trading companies, often with government backing

35. Continued European merchants brought new profits back to Europe and developed new managerial skills and banking arrangements Colonial markets stimulated manufacturing

36. Social Protest Growing commercialization created the beginnings of a new proletariat in the West- people without access to wealth-producing property Some proletarians became manufacturing workers, depending on orders from merchant capitalist to keep their tools busy in their cottages

37. Continued By blaming the poor for moral failings, a new tough attitude toward poverty took shape that has lasted to some extant to the present A huge wave of popular protest in Western Europe developed at the end of the 16 th Century and extended until about 1650 Peasants and townspeople alike rose for greater protection from poverty and loss of property

38. Rebellions The popular rebellions of the 17 th Century revealed social tensions and new ideas of equality Uprisings in 1648 produced demands for a popular political voice An unprecedented outburst against suspected witches arose in the same decades in various parts of Western Europe and also in New England

39. Continued The new scale reflected intense social and cultural upheaval The witchcraft persecution reflected new resentments against the poor, who were often accused of witchcraft by communities unwilling to accept responsibility for their poverty The hysteria also revealed new tensions about family life and the role of women, who were the most common targets of persecution

40. Salem Witch Trials

41. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change Copernicus argued with ancient Greeks that the Earth and planets move around the sun (Heliocentric Theory) He based his findings on mathematics At least two Muslims had the same findings in the 13 th & 14 th Centuries Chinese, Indian and Mayans also agreed with this theory

42. Copernicus

43. Science: The New Authority Johannes Kepler corrected Copernicus’ work showing planets in elliptical orbits around the sun

44. Johannes Kepler

45. Galileo Galileo used his telescope to discover moons around Saturn and he also wrote his findings on Copernicus’ work.

46. Galileo

47. Harvey William Harvey demonstrated the circular movement of the blood in animals, with the heart as the “central pumping station”

48. William Harvey

49. Sir Francis Bacon Sir Francis Bacon urged the value of careful empirical research and predicted that scientific knowledge could advance steadily, producing improvements in technology as well

50. Sir Francis Bacon

51. Rene Descartes Rene Descartes established the importance of a skeptical review of all received wisdom, arguing that human reason could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

52. Rene Descartes

53. Isaac Newton Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws He set forth the basic principles of all motion He defined the forces of gravity He started the basic scientific method in terms of a mixture of rational hypothesis and generalization and careful observation and experiment

54. Sir Isaac Newton

55. Continued Insurance companies sprang up to help guard against risk Doctors increased their attacks on popular healers, promoting a more scientific diagnosis of illness Deism argued that although there might be a divinity its role was simply to set natural laws in motion

56. John Locke John Locke argued that people could learn everything they needed to know through their senses and reason; faith was irrelevant

57. John Locke

58. Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies The model for the new form of monarchy was France Absolute monarchy is summed up in Louis XIV’s statement, “I am the state” Total rule by a monarch He utilized mercantilism which held that governments should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations, lest money be lost to enemies of the state

59. Continued Set tariffs on imported goods Most absolute monarchs saw a strong military as a key political goal, and many hoped for territorial expansion

60. King Louis XIV of France

61. Bucking the Trend of Absolutism Britain and the Netherlands, both growing commercial and colonial powers, stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17 th Century They emphasized the role of the Central State, but they also built parliamentary regimes in which the kings shared power with representatives selected by the nobility and upper classes

62. Continued The English Civil Wars produced a final political settlement in 1688 and 1689 (the so called Glorious Revolution) in which parliament won basic sovereignty over the king John Locke argued that “power came from the people”

63. The Nation State Absolute monarchies and parliamentary monarchies ruled peoples who shared a common culture and language They could appeal to a certain loyalty that linked cultural and political bonds People believed that government should act for their interests

64. The West by 1750 In Prussia, Frederick the Great, building on the military and bureaucratic organization of his predecessors, introduced greater freedom of religion while expanding the economic functions of the state His government actively encourage better agricultural methods (introduced the potato) Enacted laws promoting greater equity; harsh traditional punishments were cut back Claimed to be an enlightened despot

65. Frederick The Great

66. Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture The Enlightenment pioneered in applying scientific methods to the study of human society The basic idea was that rational laws could describe social as well as physical behavior and that knowledge could be used to improve policy Political theorists wrote about the importance of carefully planned constitutions and controls over privilege, although they disagreed about what political form was best

67. Adam Smith

68. Adam Smith, wrote in Wealth of Nations argued that people act according to their self interests but, through competition, promotes general economic advancement Government should avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces

69. Denis Diderot

70. He wrote the Encyclopedia that compiled scientific and social scientific knowledge He also wrote on philosophy, mathematics, and the psychology of deaf-mutes The Enlightenment produced a set of basic principles about human affairs: Human beings are good, at least improvable, and they can be educated to be better; reason is the key to truth, and religions that rely on blind faith or refuse to tolerate diversity are wrong

71. Mary Wollenstonecraft

72. She argued against the general male centered views of most Enlightenment thinkers and that new political rights and freedoms should extend to women Family life generally was changed by a growing sense that old hierarchies should be rethought and revised toward greater equality in the treatment of women and children in the home

73. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing Ordinary Westerners began to buy processed products, such as refined sugar and coffee or tea obtained from Indonesia and the West Indies, for daily use The beginning of mass consumerism in Western Society Growing use of paid professional entertainment as part of popular leisure

74. Agriculture Began Change Three-field method New methods for draining swamps (Netherlands) Nitrogen-fixing crops to reduce the need to leave land idle Stockbreeding Seed drills and use of scythes Potato is introduced as a new crop

75. John Kay He introduces the flying shuttle

76. The Flying Shuttle

77. Innovation and Instability Stronger governments promoted agricultural improvements, which helped produce population growth Changes in popular beliefs were fed by new economic structures; both encouraged a re- evaluation of the family and the roles of children Enlightenment ideas about liberty and fundamental human equality could be directed against existing regimes