1. Jianchao Yang, John Wright, Thomas Huang, Yi Ma CVPR 2008 Image Super-Resolution as Sparse Representation of Raw Image Patches

2. Outline Introduction Super-resolution from Sparsity Local Model from Sparse Representation Enforcing Global Reconstruction Constraint Global Optimization Interpretation Dictionary Preparation Experiments Discussion 2

3. Introduction To generate a super-resolution (SR) image requires multiple low-resolution images of the same scene, typically aligned with sub-pixel accuracy MAP (maximum a-posteriori) Markov Random Field (MRF) solved by belief propagation Bilateral Total Variation The SR task is cast as the inverse problem of recovering the original high-resolution image by fusing the low-resolution images 3

4. Introduction Let be an overcomplete dictionary of K prototype signal-atoms Suppose a signal can be represented as a sparse linear combination of these atoms The signal vector can be written as, where is a vector with very few (<<K) nonzero entries In practice, we might observe only a small set of measurements of : where with 4

5. Introduction In the super-resolution context, is a high-resolution image (patch), while is its low-resolution version (or features extracted from it) If the dictionary is overcomplete, the equation is underdetermined for the unknown coefficients α Same as In our setting, using two coupled dictionaries for high-resolution patches for low-resolution patches 5

6. Super-resolution from Sparsity The single-image super-resolution problem Given a low-resolution image Y, recover a higher-resolution image X of the same scene Reconstruction constraint The observed low-resolution image Y is a blurred and downsampled version of the solution X : H represents a blurring filter D is the downsampling operator 6

7. Super-resolution from Sparsity Sparse representation prior The patches x of the high-resolution image X can be represented as a sparse linear combination in a dictionary of high-resolution patches sampled from training images 7

8. Local Model from Sparse Representation For this local model, we have two dictionaries and is composed of high-resolution patches is composed of corresponding low-resolution patches Subtract the mean pixel value for each patch : the dictionary represents image textures rather than absolute intensities For each input low-resolution patch y, we find a sparse representation with respect to Reconstruct x by the corresponding high-resolution patch 8

9. Local Model from Sparse Representation The problem of finding the sparsest representation of y can be formulated as : F is a (linear) feature extraction operator (4) is NP-hard Can be efficiently recovered by instead minimizing the -norm Lagrange multipliers offer an equivalent formulation 9

10. Local Model from Sparse Representation 10 P extracts the region of overlap between current target patch and previously reconstructed high-resolution image w contains the values of the previously reconstructed high- resolution image on the overlap

11. Enforcing Global Reconstruction Constraint 1. (5) and (7) do not demand exact equality between the low- resolution patch y and its reconstruction 2. Because of noise The solution to this optimization problem can be efficiently computed using the back-projection method The update equation for this iterative method is 11

12. Enforcing Global Reconstruction Constraint 12

13. Global Optimization Interpretation 13 Applied image compression, denoising, and restoration [17] This leads to a large optimization problem [17] J. Mairal, G. Sapiro, and M. Elad. Learning multiscale sparse representations for image and video restoration. SIAM Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 2008.

14. Dictionary Preparation Random Raw Patches from Training Images we generate dictionaries by simply randomly sampling raw patches from training images of similar statistical nature For our experiments, we prepared two dictionaries 1. one sampled from flowers 2. one sampled from animal images For each highresolution training image X, we generate the corresponding low-resolution image Y by blurring and downsampling For each category of images, we sample only about 100,000 patches from about 30 training images to form each dictionary 14

15. Dictionary Preparation 15 Derivative Features use a feature transformation F to ensure that the computed coefficients fit the most relevant part of the low-resolution signal

16. Experimental settings 1. In our experiments, we will mostly magnify the input image by a factor of 3 2. In the low-resolution images, we use 3 × 3 low-resolution patches, with overlap of 1 pixel between adjacent patches, corresponding to 9 × 9 patches with overlap of 3 pixels for the high-resolution patches 3. For color images, we apply our algorithm to the illuminance component 4. λ = 50 × dim (patch feature) 16

17. Experimental results 17 [5] H. Chang, D.-Y. Yeung, and Y. Xiong. Super-resolution through neighbor embedding. CVPR, 2004.

18. Experimental results 18 [6] S. Dai, M. Han, W. Xu, Y. Wu, and Y. Gong. Soft edge smoothness prior for alpha channel super resolution. Proc. ICCV, 2007.

19. Experimental results 19

20. Experimental results 20

21. Experimental results 21 [12] W. T. Freeman, E. C. Pasztor, and O. T. Carmichael. Learning low- level vision. IJCV, 2000.

22. Experimental results 22

23. Discussion The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of sparsity as a prior for patch-based super-resolution One of the most important questions for future investigation is to determine the number of raw sample patches required to generate a dictionary Tighter connections to the theory of compressed sensing may also yield conditions on the appropriate patch size or feature dimension 23