1. NON-REGULAR EMPLOYMENT IN JAPAN Employment and labor market in Japan 2010-11 Tohoku University Jun Imai Ph.D.

2. Variety of non-regular employment in Japan  Paato ( パート )  Dominant form of non-regular employment in Japan. Predominantly middle-aged women  Arubaito ( アルバイト )  Student part-timers, often lacks formal contract  Haken ( 派遣 )  Temporary dispatched workers, newly formed non-regular employment status  Keiyaku/shokutaku ( 契約・嘱託 )  Male, relatively skilled workers. Shokutaku workers are often retired elderly workers rehired by the firms.  Note: difficult to define each status by formal legal terms….

3. Restriction on external labor mobility  Policy initiative to realize ‘democracy’ put restrictions on external labor mobility  Problem of labor boss = exploitation  The recognition on the problem of labor boss led to the prohibition of labor market intermediary (worker dispatch, private job placement), limited duration of limited term contract (Employment Security Law and Labor Standards Act)  Schools and labor unions are exceptions that were allowed to do job placement service

4. Offshoot: how to find job in Japan?  Japan and other societies in comparison  University graduates Japan – Company seminars, OB/OG networks, Arrangement by schools and laboratories Other countries??  High school graduates Japan – School arrangement as one of the most rigidly institutionalized patterns of school-to-work transition in the world (like German dual-system) Other countries??

5. JapanUSAGermany Dominant actorFirms (managerialism) Firms and prof., strong voluntarism (managerialism, professionalism) Occupational trade unions (vocationalism) Pattern of mobilityIntra-firmIntra-firm, profession Intra-occupation, industry Societal regulationEncourages to stay in a firm WeakPassive LM policy, stratified welfare OrganizationalManagement prerogative Internal labor market IndividualDocile to man. prerogative Socialized to have lots of weak ties EducationUniform =lower level, status- stratified higher ed. Prof. assc. grant certificate, University Functionally differentiated tech. voc. training

6. Regular/non-regular composition in Japanese labor market 19561959196219651968197119741977197919821987 Regular88.9390.2792.1992.1792.9892.6992.2190.2888.9284.2381.59 Non-reg.11.079.737.817.837.027.317.799.7211.0815.7718.41 Table 1.1 Regular/non-regular composition of the Japanese labor market from 1956 (%) (source: Statistics Bureau 1959, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1988) *From the 1982 survey, employment categories based on the categories utilized in workplaces (such as paato and keiyaku) became available. Numbers until 1979 are based on the terms of contract, and workers with less than a one year contract are categorized as ‘ non-regular ’ employee in this table. This may underestimate the number of non-regular workers until 1979 since there might be some paato or keiyaku workers who had longer contracts but still treated as non-regular members of the workplaces.

7. Gender division of labor under “corporate-centered” society modified table from Nomura (1998) Large firmMedium, small size firms Self (family) business EmploymentLong-termRelatively long- term Depends upon one’s will IncomeLife-stage adjusted Quasi life-stage adjusted Accumulation of incomes from all family members Welfare (livelihood security) Corporate- welfare provisions Quasi corporate- welfare Protected sector, pork barrel politics What does wife do? HousewifePart-timers Family employee

8. Women’s employment pattern  M-curve labor participation  First, employed as regular employee, occupying clerical jobs  Leave firms (and labor markets) at the timings of marriage and child-birth  Return to labor markets when children turn to schooling age  Work to complement husbands’ salary (up to 1.3 million yen)

9. Typical image of paato worker  XXXX のアルバイト・ パートさん☆責任感は 誰にも負けませんよ アルバイト・パートス タッフが多く勤務する スーパー業界。 スーパー XXXX には正社 員と同様に責任感をもっ てマイポジションを守る スタッフが大勢います。 研修制度も充実、未経験 の方には丁寧なマンツー マンサポート！ スタッフ間のコミュニ ケーションも大切にして います。モチベーション をアップすることでお互 いの責任感を刺激し合う。 すべてお客様の街と暮ら しを支えるためなんです ☆ (Job announcement from local web page)

10. Changing nature of paato jobs  Paato jobs were supposed to be menial jobs (easy, unskilled).  However especially after the 1990s, there are growing number of paato who are assigned to similar jobs compared to regular workers.  Supermarket and restaurants (already existed)  Department stores and various service industries (kikan paato expanded)  Even some managerial functions such as branch manager

11. Kikan paato (paato in core functions) Takeishi (2002), “Hiseiki rodosha no kikan rodoryoku-ka to koyo-kanri no henka” Nissay Research, http://crystal.nli-research.co.jp/report/shoho/index.html p.9http://crystal.nli-research.co.jp/report/shoho/index.html

12. What is the difference b/w regular workers and kikan paato?  Rising voice that claims “equal pay for equal work”  Who works for them?  Enterprise unions? Making of regular employment status is the history to cut workers who prefer different contractual arrangement out from the definition of ‘regular employment’  Labor unions for non-regular workers, grass-roots labor movements? They lack access to formal institutional politics

13. The revised Part-time Work Act Law (tan-jikan r ō d ō sha no koy ō kanri no kaizen-t ō ni kansuru h ō ritsu: paato-h ō )  The main body of the revision was said to be about the equal treatment of regular workers, paato, and other workers with limited-term contracts.  The law prohibited discriminatory treatment of non-regular workers who fall in to the following categories:  1) those whose jobs and responsibilities are comparable to regular workers,  2) those whose term of contract is un-limited (or whose limited- term contracts are repeated), and  3) those whose jobs and assignments may change (or rotate) in the same scope as regular workers.