1. 1. Which of these features is a landform associated with karst topography? Sinkholes Streams Natural levees Deltas 2. What are the major environmental problems associated with the use of groundwater? ____ _______________________ 3. What is a cone of depression and how does it form? ___________________________ 4. Which of the following drawings shows a feature of stream deposition? A B C D

2. Today, you will be able to: Explain how heat and temperature are related. List the three major mechanisms of heat transfer. Describe how the atmosphere is affected by heat transfer mechanisms. Pg 38

3. Copy the table below on page 37. Using the next two minutes, write your definition of what you think these terms mean. After today’s lecture, go back and write the scientific definition of the terms. BRAINSTORMING!!! TermYour Definition Scientific Definition Heat Temperature

5. Energy Transfer as Heat Heat - energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in the objects’ temperature. Temperature - measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance.

6. Energy Transfer as Heat Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity; example: touching a metal spoon left in a hot pan. TOUCH, TOUCH, TOUCH!!! Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance; example: convection currents in the mantle, boiling water. Through water or air.

7. Energy Transfer as Heat Radiation is the transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves.  travel out in all directions. Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, radiant energy can travel through open space.

8. Conduction: heat energy is transferred from warmer to cooler objects through collisions of molecules (through direct contact, from the pot, to the handle, to person’s hand). Convection: warmer water expands and becomes less dense, rising through cooler water above, creating transfer of heat by circulation within a liquid. Radiation: the fire is the hottest thing pictured and it emits the most radiant energy.

9. Energy Transfer as Heat To understand how the atmosphere is heated, it is useful to think about four laws governing radiation. -All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant energy. -Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit area than colder objects do. -The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest wavelengths of maximum radiation. -Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well.

10. Energy Transfer as Heat Electromagnetic Waves The sun emits light and heat as well as the ultraviolet rays that cause a suntan. These forms of energy are only part of a large array of energy emitted by the sun, called the electromagnetic spectrum.

11. Electromagnetic energy is classified according to wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. All radiation, whether X-rays, radio waves, or heat waves, travel through the vacuum of space at 300,000 kilometers per second. They travel only slightly slower through our atmosphere.

12. Visible light consists of an array of colors commonly called the colors of the rainbow. Rainbows occur when white light passes through tiny drops of water in the air. Each water drop acts like a tiny prism. When light enters a drop, it slows down and refracts. Red light slows down and bends the least, where violet light slows down and bends the most. The light then reflects off the far inner surface of the drop and passes back through the drop, refracting again.

13. What Happens to Solar Radiation?  When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results. 1. Some energy is absorbed by the object. 2. Substances such as water and air are transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation. 3. Some radiation may bounce off the object without being absorbed or transmitted.

14. This diagram shows what happens, on average, to incoming solar radiation by percentage. 1.What percentage of radiation is reflected from clouds? 2.What percentage of radiation is lost to space by reflection and scattering? 3.What types of radiation are absorbed by land and sea?  Direct/diffused radiation

15. What Happens to Solar Radiation? Reflection and Scattering Reflection occurs when light bounces off an object. Reflection radiation has the same intensity as incident radiation. Scattering produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different directions.

16. What Happens to Solar Radiation? Absorption About 50% of the solar energy that strikes the top of the atmosphere reaches Earth’s surface and is absorbed. The greenhouse effect - heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere from solar radiation being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere mainly by water vapor and carbon dioxide.

17. Earth’s Atmosphere Can be described in terms of Temperature changes Resulting in Fewer gas molecules 50% of atmosphere located below 5.6 km in altitude Divided into 4 layers Altitude changes stratosphere mesosphere troposphere Page 37 thermosphere

18. Atmospheric Layers Foldable (page 35)

24.  1. How much of the Sun’s radiation is absorbed?  2. How much of the Sun’s radiation is reflected?  3. Compare and Contrast Radiation, Conduction, and Convection.