1. URBANIZATION or HOW CITIES GROW

2. Outline 1.Global patterns of urbanization 2.Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs 3.Urbanization and the population question 4.Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

3. URBANIZATION & CITIES Urbanization refers to the proportion of people in living in cities. It also refers to the process in which rural populations move to urban areas. Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country, considered as an urban system. The urban system is the network of individual cities within a region or country.

4. The World At Night

5. The United States, The World And Europe At Night

6. Urban and Rural Population, Less Developed Countries 1950 to 2025

7. Urbanization The urbanization curve is typically logistic or S-shaped

8. % of population living in urban areas in major world regions, 1950, 1975, 2000 and 2025 ~3X ~4X <1.5X ~3X 2X

9. Sources of Urbanization The urban system of a country grows mainly by: 1.Natural population increase (births – deaths) 2.Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with large rural populations) 3.Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe and North America) 4.Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass formerly rural areas

10. Urbanization in MDCs and LDCs MDCs –Slow pre-industrial growth –Rapid industrial growth –Slows again once most previously rural populations are in cities –Europe, North America, Australia and Japan, the population is 75% to 80% urban. –Canada is 80% urbanized. LDCs –Rapid urbanization without proportional industrialization (population growth, land tenure) –By 2020 majority of LDC population will live in urban areas of 1 million+ –By 2020 most megacities of 10 million+ will be in LDCs

11. Urbanization The urbanization curve is typically logistic or S-shaped MDC urbanization LDC urbanization

12. Urban Growth is Speeding Up Time required to reach 2 million population: Rome, Italy 2000 years Vienna, Austria400 years Vancouver, B.C.115 years Shenzhen, China 20 years

13. Share of World Population Growth Urban and Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025 Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

14. Cities with 10 million or more people 2015

15. Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and Malthusianism “I SAID that population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio.” Thomas Malthus. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population Available at http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/ 1766-1834

16. Urbanization & the population question Time Pop. Subsistence

17. Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and Malthusianism Solution to unchecked population growth: inculcate ‘middle-class’ values in the ‘lower- classes’ –Advocated universal sufferage, state-run education, family planning But his analysis of population growth has been used to naturalize the idea of ‘overpopulation’ as a purely mathematical problem ---> buries struggles for power (politics) in apparently objective language of math. 1766-1834

18. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

19. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

20. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

21. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

22. Urbanization & the population question www.pivotlegal.org/pivot/points/DownEast.htm

23. Urbanization & the population question http://faculty.law.ubc.ca/Pue/grlawsocspring03/Image7.gif

24. Urbanization and City Planning

26. Milton Keynes http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk _news/magazine/4725742.st m

29. Urban Planning New Urbanism The principles of urbanism can be applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community. 1.Walkability –Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets) - Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases 2. Connectivity –Interconnected –street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking-A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys-High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable 3. Mixed-Use & Diversity –A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings-Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races 4. Mixed Housing –A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity 5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design –Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

30. 6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure –Discernable center and edge - Public space at center-Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art –Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk-Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. 7. Increased Density –More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities 8. Green Transportation –A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together- Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation 9. Sustainability –Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations –Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems –Energy efficiency - Less use of finite fuels –More local production-More walking, less driving10. Quality of Life Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

31. Habitat - Montreal

33. http://www.newurbanism.org/transport.html

36. Tokyo

37. Beijing

38. Toronto

39. Montreal

40. Kingston