1. Group Members 130230111004 – Amrutiya Mayur 130230111022 – Hariyani Jayesh 130230111026 – Krishna Khairnar 130230111032 – Kamal Pancholi 130230111033 – Pandia Aashish 130230111042 – Rai Vijay Shankar 130230111048 – Shaikh Salman Topic – Various Power Plants GUIDED BY – Mrs. Mallika P. Bansal Mam

2. What is a POWER PLANT ? A power plant or a power generating station, is basically an industrial location that is utilized for the generation and distribution of electric power in mass scale, usually in the order of several 1000 Watts.

3. CONTINUED…  These are generally located at the sub-urban regions or several kilometers away from the cities or the load centers, because of its requisites like huge land and water demand, along with several operating constraints like the waste disposal etc.  For this reason, a power generating station has to not only take care of efficient generation but also the fact that the power is transmitted efficiently over the entire distance.  And that’s why, the transformer switch yard to regulate transmission voltage also becomes an integral part of the power plant.

4. TYPES OF POWER GENERATION Depending on the type of fuel used, the power generating stations as well as the types of power generation are classified. Therefore the 3 major classifications for power production in reasonably large scale are :- 1) Thermal power generation. 2) Nuclear power generation. 3) Hydro-electric power generation. Apart from these major types of power generations, we can resort to small scale generation techniques as well, to serve the discrete demands. These are often referred to as the alternative methods of power generation and can be classified as :- 1) Solar power generation. (making use of the available solar energy) 2) Geo-thermal power generation. (Energy available in the Earth’s crust) 3) Wind Energy Power Generation.

5. THERMAL POWER PLANT A power generation plant mainly consists of alternator runs with help of steam turbine. The steam is obtained from high pressure boilers. Generally in India, bituminous coal, brown coal and peat are used as fuel of boiler. The bituminous coal is used as boiler fuel has volatile matter from 8 to 33 % and ash content 5 to 16 %. To increase the thermal efficiency, the coal is used in the boiler in powder form. The ideal Thermodynamic Cycle to which the operation of a Thermal Power Station closely resembles is the RANKINE CYCLE. The overall efficiency of a thermal power station or plant varies from 20% to 26% and it depends upon plant capacity.

7. ADVANTAGES : Economical for low initial cost other than any generating plant. Land required less than hydro power plant. Since coal is main fuel & its cost is quite cheap than petrol/diesel so generation cost is economical. There are easier maintenance. Thermal power plant can be installed in any location where transportation & bulk of water are available.

8. DISADVANTAGES : The running cost for a thermal power station is comparatively high due to fuel, maintenance etc. Large amount of smoke causes air pollution. The thermal power station is responsible for Global warming. The heated water that comes from thermal power plant has an adverse effect on the lives in the water and disturbs the ecology. Overall efficiency of thermal power plant is low like less 30%.

9. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT The heavy substance whose nucleus can be broken into fragments is called nuclear fuel. The only substance found in nature which fissions and is capable of propagating nuclear chain reaction is Uranium. By fission of nuclear of Uranium, binding energy is released in the form of heat energy, which is used for conversion of water into steam. Steam is used to run turbines, and a coupled generator produces electrical energy.

11. ADVANTAGES : As we said, the fuel consumption in this power station is quite low and hence, cost for generating single unit is quite less than other conventional power generation method. A nuclear power station occupies much smaller space compared to other conventional power station of same capacity. This station does not require plenty of water, hence it is not essential to construct plant near natural source of water. This also does not required huge quantity of fuel; hence it is also not essential to construct the plant near coal mine, or the place where good transport facilities are available. Because of this, the nuclear power station can be established very near to the load center.

12. DISADVANTAGES : The fuel is not easily available and it is very costly. Initial cost for constructing nuclear power station is quite high. Commissioning and erection of this plant is much complicated and sophisticated than other conventional power station. The fission by products are radioactive in nature, and it may cause high radioactive pollution. The maintenance cost is higher and the man power required to run a nuclear power plant is quite higher since speciality trained people are required. Sudden fluctuation of load cannot be met up efficiently by nuclear plant. As the by products of nuclear reaction is high radioactive, it is very big problem for disposal of this by products. It can only be disposed deep inside ground or in a sea away from sea share.

13. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT A power station in which potential energy of water is converted into electrical energy is called hydro-electric power station. In this type of station, a huge quantity of water at sufficient head must be available. It is located in hilly areas where dams can built at suitable place to store large quantity of water in artificial reservoirs. When the water falls, through pen stock, on the blade of turbines, potential energy is converted into mechanical energy. Generators are coupled with turbine which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

15. ADVANTAGES : As no fuel is used, so no charge for transportation. Operating cost is low because only operators are required. Low maintenance cost As these are in hilly areas so cost of land is small. The efficiency is high approximately 80 to 90 %. It is very neat and clean as there is no smoke, ash and dust. It can be put into service instantly. The plant has long life. The plant has constant frequency. These plants can control flood and use for irrigation purposes.

16. DISADVANTAGES : The capital cost is high. As it is build in hilly areas, so the cost of transmission power is high. The power generation depends on nature and in dry season the generation of power reduces. It requires large area for reservoir and dam. It takes long time to build a dam.

17. SOLAR POWER GENERATION This is the primary source of energy. Sun radiates energy in the form of electro magnetic waves, which includes heat, light and lot of ultra violet radiations. Heat energy received by the upper layer of atmosphere is of the order of 1000 Kcal/m2. This heat energy may be converged at the boiler by using reflectors. This is used to run steam turbines, which coupled with generator and hence produce electrical energy. Usually for small energy conversion, solar cells are used. The panel of solar cells converts solar energy into electrical energy. This energy is stored in batteries. The electrical energy supplied by the batteries is utilized for the operation of various electronic circuits such as street lights, watches, satellites, calculators etc.

18. WIND ENERGY Wind power has been in use for serving the man kind, since centuries through what has been known as “Wind-mills”. There is no “Electrical” stage of energy in old styled uses where wind-velocity is directly used for performing the jobs such as wheat grinding, sailing vessels, etc. It enjoys the advantages of being plentiful, inexhaustible, renewable and non polluting, over and above being cheap for running costs. It suffers from disadvantages of being unreliable, and being economically un-viable for large power generation up to 100 kW are already in operation mainly in coastal or hilly areas. With the modern system, it is now preferred to have suitable power control circuits on the output side of wind generators so that these can pump energy into low voltage lines of the grid over a wide range of variation of wind speeds.