1. Eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 Doroteja Brozan 1st year of Master Course Physical Geography and Geoecology Geography and Geoecology

2. Introduction - Phillipines 7th most populated country in Asia, 12th in the world 343 pop./km 2, 100 mil. high risk of natural disasters 2 Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Philippine_provinces_by _population_density.png

3. Mount Pinatubo 3 Source: http://historicmajortectonicactivityproject.pbworks.com/f/1386944983/ Pinatubo_map-1.gif

4. Mount Pinatubo (before the eruption) type: active stratovolcano elevation: 1 745 m home to more than 30 000 people (1 million in wider area) last known eruption was 500-600 years ago 4 Source: http://historicmajortectonicactivityproject.pbworks.com/f/1387412465/1.jpg

5. 5 June 1990 – magnitude 7.8 earthquake 100 km NE of Pinatubo March 1991 – small earthquakes April – eruptions of steam May – first eruption of magma 12th of June – violent eruption and earthquakes 15th of June – the biggest/main eruption

6. Exploration and evacuation Was the occurence normal or not? recognition of danger by scientists from PHIVOLCS and USGS installation of radio-telemeters, seismographs and tiltmeters  higher SO 2 emissions 3 evacuation zones: 0-10 km, 10-20 km, 20-40 km (total: 200 000 people) 6

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8. The eruption on June 16th, 1991 within 2 hours, gases and ashes reached altitude of 34 km and width over 400 km typhoon Yunya  lahars summit of the vulcano became caldera with a crater lake 8 Source: http://globalna tion.inquirer.ne t/files/2012/07 /pinatubo- exhibit- photo.jpg Source: http://www.ngdc. noaa.gov/hazard/i cons/med_res/34/ 34_694.jpg

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10. Consequences - social > 700 deaths > 200 000 people homeless Ayta/Aeta indigenous people lost their homes farming was no longer the main source of income not everyone wanted to resettle 10 Source: https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/736x/25/cd/c7/25cdc77077876b3c91df2a943a64ef36.jpg

11. Consequences – economic/materialistic two heavily damaged U.S. Military bases total damage of around $US 374 million economic development of the Phillipines was slowed down 11 Source: http://www.stripes.com/polopoly_fs/1.228187.1372516211!/image/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/ landscape_804/image.jpg

12. Consequences - environmental 20 million tons of SO 2 injected  global temperature dropped for about 0.5-1.5°C largest disturbance of the stratosphere since 1883 lahars caused erosion of rivers acid rain 12 Source: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter16/graphics/temp_pinatubo.jpg

13. What was positive in the reactions? first scientifically in detail studied volcano eruption with accurate forecasts communication between scientists, military and civils timely predictions saved many lives 13

14. Lessons learned SO2 monitoring should be included in every volcano research planning for worst-case scenarios needs to consider combinations of events manuals instructing local leaders and civilians better warning system needed  two-way radio Pinatubo is not expected to erupt again for hundreds of years 15

15. Thank you for your attention! 15