1. The Constitution: Origins The Government that Failed Creating a New Government

2. Constitutional Origins Definition Definition A constitution is a nation’s basic law. It creates political institutions, assigns or divides powers in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. A constitution is a nation’s basic law. It creates political institutions, assigns or divides powers in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. Sets the broad rules of the game Sets the broad rules of the game The rules are not neutral; some participants and policy options have advantages over others. The rules are not neutral; some participants and policy options have advantages over others.

3. Origins of the Constitution The Magna Carta The Magna Carta The English Bill of Rights The English Bill of Rights Virginia House of Burgesses Virginia House of Burgesses Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact John Locke John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire Voltaire The Enlightenment Video Note Video Note Documents that Shape American Politics Video Note

4. Locke and Jefferson

5. The Rebellious Years 1763-1776 The Road to Revolution The Road to Revolution Colonists faced tax increases after the French and Indian War. Colonists faced tax increases after the French and Indian War.

6. The Rebellious Years 1763-1776 Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 Quartering Act of 1765 Quartering Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765 Townshend Act of 1767 Townshend Act of 1767 Boston Massacre of 1770 Boston Massacre of 1770 Boston Tea Part of 1773 Boston Tea Part of 1773 Intolerable Acts of 1774 Intolerable Acts of 1774 First Continental Congress 1774 formed to address the abuses of the English Crown First Continental Congress 1774 formed to address the abuses of the English Crown Shot heard round the world- Battles of Lex. and Con. Shot heard round the world- Battles of Lex. and Con. Colonists lacked direct representation in parliament. Colonists lacked direct representation in parliament. “no taxation without representation!” The Document that fanned the flames of Revolution: Thomas Pain "Common Sense" Video Note The Document that fanned the flames of Revolution: Thomas Pain "Common Sense" Video Note

7. The Greatest Break Up Letter Ever Written: The Declaration of Independence Declaring Independence Declaring Independence In May and June 1776, the 2 nd Continental Congress debated resolutions for independence. In May and June 1776, the 2 nd Continental Congress debated resolutions for independence. The Declaration of Independence, which listed the colonists grievances against the British, is adopted on July 4, 1776. The Declaration of Independence, which listed the colonists grievances against the British, is adopted on July 4, 1776. Politically, the Declaration was a polemic, announcing and justifying revolution. Politically, the Declaration was a polemic, announcing and justifying revolution.

8. Winning American Independence Winning Independence Winning Independence In 1783, the American colonies prevailed in their war against England. In 1783, the American colonies prevailed in their war against England. The “Conservative” Revolution The “Conservative” Revolution Restored rights the colonists felt they had lost Restored rights the colonists felt they had lost Not a major change of lifestyles Not a major change of lifestyles

9. The Government that Failed The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation The first document to govern the United States, it was adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. The first document to govern the United States, it was adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It established a confederation, a “league of friendship and perpetual union” among 13 states and former colonies. It established a confederation, a “league of friendship and perpetual union” among 13 states and former colonies. Congress had few powers; there was no president (exec) or national court system (jud). Congress had few powers; there was no president (exec) or national court system (jud). All government power rested in the states. All government power rested in the states.

10. The Gov’t That Failed Changes in the States Changes in the States Liberalized voting laws increased political participation and power among a new middle class. Liberalized voting laws increased political participation and power among a new middle class. An expanding economic middle class of farmers and craft workers counterbalanced the power of the old elite of professionals and wealthy merchants. An expanding economic middle class of farmers and craft workers counterbalanced the power of the old elite of professionals and wealthy merchants. Ideas of equality spread and democracy took hold. Ideas of equality spread and democracy took hold.

11. The Gov’t That Failed

12. Economic Turmoil Economic Turmoil Postwar depression left farmers unable to pay debts Postwar depression left farmers unable to pay debts State legislatures sympathetic to farmers and passed laws that favored debtors over creditors State legislatures sympathetic to farmers and passed laws that favored debtors over creditors Shays’ Rebellion Shays’ Rebellion Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. Economic elite concerned about Articles’ inability to limit these violations of individual’s property rights Economic elite concerned about Articles’ inability to limit these violations of individual’s property rights

13. The Miracle In Philly Gentlemen in Philadelphia Gentlemen in Philadelphia 55 men from 12 of the 13 states 55 men from 12 of the 13 states Mostly wealthy planters and merchants Mostly wealthy planters and merchants Most were college graduates with some political experience Most were college graduates with some political experience Many were coastal residents from the larger cities, not the rural areas Many were coastal residents from the larger cities, not the rural areas The Meeting in Philly Video Note The Meeting in Philly Video NoteThe Meeting in Philly Video NoteThe Meeting in Philly Video Note

14. Miracle in Philly: Equality Issues

15. The Miracle in Philly: Economic Issues The Economic Issues The Economic Issues States had tariffs on products from other states States had tariffs on products from other states Paper money was basically worthless Paper money was basically worthless Congress couldn’t raise money Congress couldn’t raise money Actions taken: Actions taken: Powers of Congress to be strengthened Powers of Congress to be strengthened Powers of states to be limited Powers of states to be limited

16. The Miracle in Philly: Economics

17. The Miracle In Philly: Individual Rights The Individual Rights Issues The Individual Rights Issues Some were written into the Constitution: Some were written into the Constitution: Prohibits suspension of writ of habeas corpus Prohibits suspension of writ of habeas corpus No bills of attainder No bills of attainder No ex post facto laws No ex post facto laws Religious qualifications for holding office prohibited Religious qualifications for holding office prohibited Strict rules of evidence for conviction of treason Strict rules of evidence for conviction of treason Right to trial by jury in criminal cases Right to trial by jury in criminal cases Some were not specified (Anti-Federalist- Bill of Rights!!!) Some were not specified (Anti-Federalist- Bill of Rights!!!) Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of speech and expression Rights of the accused Rights of the accused

18. Madison’s Constitution To prevent a tyranny of the majority, Madison proposed a government of: To prevent a tyranny of the majority, Madison proposed a government of: Limiting Majority Control Limiting Majority Control Separating Powers Separating Powers Creating Checks and Balances Creating Checks and Balances Establishing a Federal System Establishing a Federal System

19. Madison’s Constitution

20. The Founding Principles that can be found in the US Constitution Popular Sovereignty: Popular Sovereignty: Federalism: Federalism: Seperation of Powers: Seperation of Powers: Checks and Balances: Checks and Balances: Rule of Law: Rule of Law:

21. Next Up: Ratification… The End of the Beginning The End of the Beginning The document was approved, but not unanimously. Now it had to be ratified… The document was approved, but not unanimously. Now it had to be ratified…