1. Resources from the Oceans What do we use that comes from the world’s oceans?

2. Two Main Types of Resources Living(Biotic) Non-living(Abiotic)

3. Living Resources Fishing in the oceans Fish are the largest group of organisms taken from the ocean (about 75 million tons a year). Drift nets allow fisherman to catch large numbers at one time Concerns: –Overfishing: More are taken than can be naturally replaced –Also, other animals, like dolphins and turtles get caught in nets and die

5. Living Resources Farming the ocean Due to overfishing laws have been created to create limits on what can be caught per day To keep up with fish demands, many species of fish are raised in fish farms –Require several holding ponds with all ages of fish –Shrimp, mussels, crabs and oysters are also raised in farms

7. Living Resources Seaweed Many types of species of algae Kelp (type of seaweed) grows 33 cm/day Used as a thickener in jellies & ice cream Rich in protein and used a lot in Japanese dishes (sushi)

8. Non-living Resources Oil and Natural Gas Non-renewable resource – often used faster than they can be replenished naturally Found deep under layers of Earth’s crust (most commonly under the ocean) Must drill through rock to reach it

10. Non-living Resources Fresh Water and Desalination Desalination – removing salt from sea/ocean water Some parts of the world have limited supply of fresh water – have to desalinate their water Most common in areas (like Middle East) that do not get enough precipitation to provide fresh water Saudi Arabia has largest desalination plant

12. Non-Living Resources Minerals from the Sea-Floor Used to make things like steel and fertilizer Mineral nodules contain minerals like manganese, copper, iron, and phosphates Nodules form when dissolved substances in water stick to pebbles (small as marbles or big as soccer balls) 15% of ocean floor covered with nodules BUT collecting them is expensive and difficult b/c they are located so deep

14. Non-Living Resources Tidal Energy Ocean generates a lot of energy b/c constantly moving Excellent source of power since tides move a massive amount of water Clean, inexpensive and renewable resource (can be replaced in time) Problem: possible only in a few parts of the world (Cook Inlet in Alaska is perfect b/c coastline is shallow with narrow channels)

15. Wave Energy Constant motion is an energy resource Clean and renewable resource Still researching in order to decide where the best places would be to build power plants to convert this energy

16. Ocean exploration

17. The Voyages of Captain James Cook largely received credit as the first expeditions devoted to scientific oceanography. A major contribution to Cook’s voyages was the invention of the chronometer – clock or watch that wasn’t affected by the waves and motion of the sea. One of his major missions was to map the path of Venus between the Earth and the Sun in order to calculate the distance between the Earth and the Sun. Although he never found Antarctica, he did find the Hawaii islands that was his downfall. He was considered an oceanographer, anthropologist and naturalist. Cook’s Expeditions

18. The Challenger Expedition Recognized as the only expedition to date that was solely devoted to marine science. The deepest place on Earth is the Challenger Deep (35,798 ft.) in the Marianas Trench – named after the expeditions that discovered it. Mt. Everest – the highest point on Earth is 29,035 ft. tall by comparison. Challenger’s contributions to oceanography and marine science were great. From over 4,700 new species to new habitats not previously thought to hold life. NASA named one of its orbiters in its honor.

19. Sonar Sound Navigation and Ranging Used to map ocean floor

21. Submersibles Allowed people to explorer deeper into the ocean.

22. Satellites Provide data on rapidly changing ocean conditions – Temperature – Algae growth – patterns – Movement of – large fish

24. Remote Underwater Manipulator RUM III Maps the ocean floor without being manned

25. Deep Flight Aviator New submersibles Maneuvers faster More visibility for people

26. Ocean and Climate

27. What is the Ocean’s Role in Climate? the ocean covers 70% of the earth ’ s surfacethe ocean covers 70% of the earth ’ s surface the ocean stores a thousand times more heat than the atmospherethe ocean stores a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere seawater stores four times more heat per unit mass than airseawater stores four times more heat per unit mass than air it transports 25 to 50% of the energy received from the sunit transports 25 to 50% of the energy received from the sun

28. What is the Ocean’s Role in Climate? it circulates slowly, on time scales of decades to centuriesit circulates slowly, on time scales of decades to centuries it is the major source of heat to some regions like the North Atlanticit is the major source of heat to some regions like the North Atlantic it sets long-term patterns of atmospheric circulation affecting climate systems like ENSO, NAOit sets long-term patterns of atmospheric circulation affecting climate systems like ENSO, NAO

29. Ocean water The ocean water never stands still. Ocean currents are like rivers that move within the ocean. This movement influences the surrounding climate.

30. Uneven Heating of the Earth The Earth's major source of energy is the Sun. The Earth is constantly receiving solar energy, but different areas of Earth receive different amounts of solar energy. This affects weather and climate.

31. OCEAN CURRENTS The uneven heating of the Earth's surface creates energy flow. Winds and ocean currents flow from warmer areas to colder areas, which means that they travel from the equator toward the poles.

32. Surface Currents Surface currents are caused by the wind and usually move only the upper few hundred meters of water. Surface currents are caused by the wind and usually move only the upper few hundred meters of water. These currents do not move in straight lines. These currents do not move in straight lines. Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect Surface Currents in the northern hemisphere curve right. Surface Currents in the northern hemisphere curve right. Surface currents in the southern hemisphere curve left. Surface currents in the southern hemisphere curve left.

33. Examples of Surface Currents Gulf Stream-originates near the equator and travels up the east coast-it is a warm current. California Currents-originates in the north and travels down the west coast-it is a cold current.

34. Deep Currents Occur when more dense seawater sinks beneath less dense seawater. Seawater becomes more denser when it gets colder or becomes saltier. This movement causes currents. Cold salty water is very dense so it sinks and slowly flows southward along the ocean floor.

35. Upwelling  A current in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface.  Surface winds blow parallel to the land because of the Coriolis effect.  Cold, deep water continually replaces the surface water that is pushed away from the coast.  This cold water causes cool summers and fog in San Francisco.

36. Upwelling Causes cold, nutrient rich water from the deep ocean to rise to the surface.

37. How the oceans influence climate The oceans influence climate over both long and short time periods. The oceans influence climate over both long and short time periods. The oceans and atmosphere are tightly linked and together form the most dynamic component of the climate system. The oceans and atmosphere are tightly linked and together form the most dynamic component of the climate system. The oceans play a critical role in storing heat. The oceans waters are constantly being moved about by powerful currents. These currents influence the climate by transporting heat.

38. How the oceans influence climate continued…  Currents involved in “deep-water formation” are particularly important for climate.  An apparently small change in just one aspect of the oceans behavior can produce major climate variations over large areas of earth.

39. Climate is not weather Climate- the average pattern of weather in a place. Weather- is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time measured in terms of such things as wind, temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure.

40. Atmospheric and oceanic disturbances in Pacific Ocean El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) – Warm (El Niño)cold phases (La Niña) – Warm (El Niño) and cold phases (La Niña) – High pressure in eastern Pacific weakens – Weaker trade winds – Warm pool migrates eastward – Thermocline deeper in eastern Pacific – Downwelling – Lower biological productivity Corals particularly sensitive to warmer seawater

41. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): cool phase (La Niña) Increased pressure difference across equatorial Pacific Stronger trade winds Stronger upwelling in eastern Pacific Shallower thermocline Cooler than normal seawater Higher biological productivity

42. El Nino and La Nina El Nino is a change in water temperature in the Pacific ocean that produces a warm current. La Nina is a change in temperature in the Eastern Pacific that causes surface water temperature to be much colder than usual

43. BOTH El Nino and La Nina can cause flooding (too much rain) and drought (too little rain) in different places on Earth. Upwelling does not occur where it normally would and this affects fish and sea-life.