1. Literature of India, China, and Japan Introduction to the Literary Period Interactive Time Line Milestone: A Family of Languages Milestone: The Hindu Way of Life Milestone: Philosophy and Religion Milestone: The Invention of Paper Milestone: The Samurai Milestone: Japan Shuts the Door What Have You Learned? Feature Menu

2. Literature of India, China, and Japan 500s B.C.-A.D. 500s Philosophy and Religion 1100s-1800s Samurai Choose a link on the time line to go to a milestone. A.D. 1 1000 B.C. 2500 B.C. A.D. 1900 3000-1500 B.C. Family of Languages A.D. 1000 c. 1500-500s B.C. Hindu Way of Life c. 150 B.C. Invention of Paper 1633-1853 Japan Shuts the Door

3. A Family of Languages Some distinct languages, including Greek, appear by 2000 B.C. Languages begin to diverge from a single language called Proto-Indo-European After about 3000 B.C. People who spoke this language spread out from central Europe No written records exist Indus River, Pakistan

4. A Family of Languages Nomadic Aryans move into the Indus River valley, replacing an older civilization c. 1500 B.C. Map Aryan language evolves into Sanskrit, the classical language of Hindu culture Seal from the Harrapan civilization in the Indus Valley (c. 2600-1900 B.C.)

5. first (1786) to suggest European and Asian languages had common source says Latin and Greek similarities to Sanskrit could not be accidental A Family of Languages British linguist Sir William Jones Indo-European Languages Evidence to support Jones comes from German philologists in nineteenth century philologists

6. A Family of Languages Philology from the Greek philein, “to love” + logos, “the word” Philologists, or early linguists, studied ancient and modern languages to discover common patterns and identify language “families.”

7. A Family of Languages Indo-European Languages Sanskritmatar Greekmeter Latinmater Old Englishmodor Germanmutter Spanishmadre Look at the word for mother in several of the Indo-European languages. Other common words such as I, water, fire, cow, father, and new, show the same kinds of similarities across many languages.

8. India, China, and Japan

9. Vedic period in India The Hindu Way of Life Is named for Vedas—a collection of hymns and prayers of Aryan culture—most sacred books of Hinduism c. 1500-c. 500 B.C. Priests become more important than nobles and kings—almost divine Stone figure of Brahma, Hindu creator god, c. 1110-1150 A.D.

10. Class system develops The Hindu Way of Life forerunner of later caste system c. 1500-c. 500 B.C. Early concept of reincarnation: classes represent parts of an ideal that existed at the beginning of the world soul travels, returns as rain, and is reborn Relief of a Kshatriya, a member of the warrior caste

11. The Hindu Way of Life Caste, Karma, and Reincarnation Four major castes Brahmans: scholars, priests, teachers Kshatriyas: rulers and warriors Vaisyas: merchants, farmers, artisans Sudras: menial workers “Untouchable” women in southern India. “Untouchables” have no caste.

12. The Hindu Way of Life Caste, Karma, and Reincarnation Karma—actions in life—affects rebirth and future lives Reincarnation rebirth of the soul in another body also called transmigration of soul

13. The Hindu Way of Life Hindu Gods and Goddesses Three deities (the Trimuti, or “Three Forms”) stand out Brahma the Creator Hinduism has numerous deities Vishnu the Protector Shiva the Destroyer/Preserver Hindu temple statues

14. Confucius (551-479 B.C.) first great Chinese teacher not interested in theology or afterlife; no priests Confucianism (China) Philosophy and Religion 500s B.C.-A.D. 500s order, discipline, ethical values are foundation for good life Map

15. India, China, and Japan

16. is founded by Laotzu (born c. 570 B.C.) Taoism (China) Philosophy and Religion 500s B.C.-A.D. 500s regards nature as the great teacher directs followers to ignore world, contemplate Tao—force that governs and unites all nature Portrait of Laotzu

17. Is founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563- 483 B.C.), called Buddha (“Enlightened One”) by followers Buddhism (India) Philosophy and Religion 500s B.C.-A.D. 500s Human suffering caused by desire for earthly goods Rejects Hindu caste system

18. Paper replaces papyrus in western Asia by ninth century The Invention of Paper c. 150 B.C. Early paper is made in China from bark, hemp, rags, and fishing nets Paper is used instead of silk cloth by second century Chinese handmade paper

19. The Invention of Paper Chinese Writing Chinese is written the same way throughout China can be read by people who can’t understand each other’s speech about 50,000 characters 3,000-4,000 are used frequently Early Chinese manuscript

20. A.D. 1100s The Samurai Japanese feudal lords amass large estates lords have professional warriors—samurai lords beyond the reach of weak emperor feuding warlords keep Japan in state of constant warfare Map

21. India, China, and Japan

22. A.D. 1100s The Samurai Yoritomo seizes control of the empire and is declared shogun (general) crushes warlords establishes new capital at Edo (now Tokyo) A.D. 1500s Powerful shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu A.D. 1800s Shogunate ends; samurai class is abolished Portrait of Ushiwakamaru

23. Bushido: The Way of the Warrior Unwritten code of honor and conduct Emphasizes absolute loyalty, personal honor, self-sacrifice The Samurai enjoy special privileges in society are expected to appreciate poetry, art, theater Samurai spend years in training

24. Japan becomes a closed society 1633 foreigners are expelled Matthew Perry takes U.S. Navy into Tokyo Bay, demands that Japan reopen to West Japan Shuts the Door Japanese are forbidden to travel abroad 1853 fear of invasion or revolt Western traders at Yokohama

25. ___ Contemplation of force that unites all nature ___ Numerous deities ___ Desire for goods causes human suffering ___ Actions in life affect reincarnation of soul ___ Founded by first great Chinese teacher What Have You Learned? Indicate whether the following statements or phrases best describe Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, or Taoism. T B H C H

26. The End

27. Viewing the Art Scene from Record of a Journey to the West The painting illustrates a scene from the most famous Chinese comic novel (called Hsi-yu chi in Chinese). Written by Wu Ch’eng-en (1500-c. 1582), the novel was based on an actual 7 th -century pilgrimage to India. Activity: How would you describe the onlookers reaction?

28. This 1750 painting is in a “green and gold” or “blue and green” style popular during the T’ang period (A.D. 618-907).