2. This unit, the rise of civilization, is mainly about the prehistoric era and early river valley civilizations. It also touches on culture, artifacts, fossils, and new technologies used in this particular time period.

3.  Historians-study how people live in the past  Culture-way of life  Artifacts-Non living objects from the past  Fossils-come from pre-existing organisms  Prehistory-before written language  Paleolithic-Period of time when human were nomadic

4.  Neolithic-Period of time when humans started settling and farming  Nomads-travelers, no permanent home  Neolithic Revolution-shift from food gathering to food production via farming  Technology-skills and tools people use to carry out basic needs  Polytheism-belief in many gods

5.  Monotheism-belief in one god  Written history-things that happened in the past that are recorded using written language  Oral history-past event that are passed down by mouth ex: folklore

6.  Invention of Cuneiform (Sumerians)  Hammurabi's Code (First set of written down laws)  First Alphabet (Phoenicians)  Invention of Iron tools (most significant advancement of Early India)  First Caste System-social ranking system (Early India)

7. Written History  More accurate  Common in modern civilizations  Cuneiform-Earliest form Oral History Less reliable Passed down from generation to generation Common in early civilizations

8. Primary Sources  First hand accounts of an event  Examples: Diary, Pictures, and Quotes from people at a particular event Secondary Sources Second hand accounts of an event Examples: encyclopedia, articles, and text books

9.  Stable Food Supply  Social Structure  Government  Religion  Writing  Culture  Technology

10.  Indus River Valley (Modern Day India)  Sumer (Mesopotamia)  Egypt (Modern Day Egypt)  Shang (Modern Day China

11. Athens  Valued Education  Focused on educating it’s citizens Sparta Valued Military Focused on building a strong Military Both are city-states from Ancient Greece