1. BASIS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY PHL 417 Dr. Mohamed M. Sayed-Ahmed

2. Clinical Strategies for Cancer Treatment 1- Surgery 2- Chemotherapy 3- Radiotherapy 4- Immunotherapy 5- Biological and targeted-therapy 6- Combined therapy

3. BASIS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY is the treatment of cancer using specific chemical agents or drugs that are selectively destructive to malignant cells and tissues. Chemotherapy is the systemic (whole body) treatment of cancer with anticancer drugs. Broadly, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairing mitosis (cell division), and effectively targeting fast-dividing cell. This means that normal fast dividing cells such as those responsible for hair growth and for replacement of the intestinal epithelium lining are also affected. As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumours with high GROWTH FRACTIONS (such as acute myelogenous leukemia and the lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing cell division at any time.

5. Cancer Chemotherapy and cell cycle 1- Cell-cycle non specific agents: are cytotoxic in any phase of the cycle even on G 0 phase and so are more effective against large slowly growing tumors. 2- Cell-cycle specific agents: are cytotoxic on all phases but not on cells out of the cycle (at G 0 ) and so are more effective against rapidly growing tumors. Work better in combination than alone 3- cell-cycle Phase specific agents: act on specific phase of the cycle

7. Cancer Chemotherapy and Cell Cycle

8. TYPES OF CLINICAL CHEMOTHERAPY 1- Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy (postoperative treatment) refers to giving patients anti-cancer drugs after the primary tumor has been removed by surgery or Radiotherapy and there is no evidence that cancer remains in the body. The intent of adjuvant chemotherapy is to attack microscopic cancer cells that remained after tumor removal.

9. Types of cancer treatment used as adjuvant therapy 1- Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy treats the entire body, killing cancer cells, no matter where they may be located. Adjuvant chemotherapy isn't helpful in all situations, so talk to your doctor about whether this treatment is right for you and how much of a benefit it may provide. 2-Hormone therapy. Some cancers are sensitive to hormones. For these cancers, treatments to stop hormone production in your body or block the effect of hormones on your cancer may be helpful. Cancers that are commonly hormone sensitive include breast, uterine and prostate cancers. Your cancer will be analyzed to see if it's hormone sensitive. If it is, you might benefit from hormone therapy. Hormone therapy can be used in conjunction with surgery, radiation or chemotherapy.

10. 3- Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be given internally or externally. Adjuvant radiation therapy focuses on the area around the original cancer site to reduce the risk that cancer will recur in that area. 4- Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy works with your body's own immune system to fight off remaining cancer cells. Immunotherapy treatment can either stimulate your body's own defenses or supplement them. 5- Targeted therapy. Targeted therapy aims to alter specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. For example, women with a type of breast cancer that makes too much of a protein called human growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) may choose a targeted therapy drug that blocks the action of that specific protein. These medications target the specific protein within those cancer cells. More targeted therapies are under development and may one day be available for use as adjuvant therapy

11. 6- Stem cell transplant: A stem cell transplant is the infusion of healthy stem cells into your body. A stem cell transplant may be necessary if your bone marrow stops working and doesn't produce enough healthy stem cells. A stem cell transplant can help your body make enough healthy white blood cells, red blood cells or platelets, and reduce your risk of life-threatening infections, anemia and bleeding. Although the procedure to replenish your body's supply of healthy blood-forming cells is generally called a stem cell transplant, it's also known as a bone marrow transplant or an umbilical cord blood transplant, depending on the source of the stem cells. Stem cell transplants can use cells from your own body (autologous stem cell transplant), or they can use stem cells from donors (allogenic stem cell transplant).

12. 2- Neoadjuvant (Primary) chemotherapy Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (preoperative treatment), is the use of anticancer drugs as the main form of treatment or as a treatment prior to Surgery or Radiotherapy. In some cases, the tumor may be so large that surgery to remove it would destroy major organs or would be quite disfiguring. Primary neoadjuvant chemotherapy may reduce the tumor size, making it possible for a surgeon to perform a less traumatic operation. Examples of cancers in which primary chemotherapy may be followed- up with less extensive surgeries include: anal cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, and soft tissue sarcoma.

13. 3- Induction Chemotherapy High-dose, usually combination, chemotherapy given with the intent of inducing complete remission when initiating a curative regimen. This term is usually applied to Hematologic malignancies but is equally applicable to solid tumors. 4- Consolidation Chemotherapy Repetition of the induction regimen in a patient who has achieved a complete remission after induction, with the intent of increasing cure rate or prolonging remission. 5- Intensification Chemotherapy Chemotherapy after complete remission with higher doses of the same agents used for induction or with different agents at high doses with the intent of increasing cure rate or remission duration.

14. 6- Maintenance Chemotherapy Long-term, low-dose, single or combination chemotherapy in a patient who had achieved a complete remission, with the intent of delaying the re-growth of residual tumor cells. 7- Palliative Chemotherapy Is given without curative intent, but simply to control symptoms, decrease tumor load and increase life expectancy in a patient in whom cure is unlikely. For these regimens, a better toxicity profile is generally expected. 8- Combination chemotherapy In most cases, single anticancer drugs cannot cure cancer alone. The use of two or more drugs together is often a more effective alternative. This approach is called combination chemotherapy. Scientific studies of different drug combinations help doctors learn which combinations work best for various types of cancers.

15. Drug Schedule in combination chemotherapy Initiate therapy with cycle-nonspecific drugs followed by cycle-specific drugs. e.g. start with alkylating agents to reduce tumour bulk and recruit slowly dividing tumours into DNA synthetic phase in which antimetabolites as Methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil are most active. CAMF Protocol for Breast Cancer DrugDose Day Mg/m218 Cyclophosphamide 750+ Doxorubicin 30+ Methotrexate 40+ 5-Fluorouracil 500+ Repeated every 21 days Comments: - Cytoreduction with cell cycle phase-nonspecific agents on day 1. - S-phase specific agents on day 8 - Methotrexate given before 5-Fluorouracil on day 8.

16. Kinetic Basis of Chemotherapy The objective of cancer treatment is to reduce the tumor cell population to zero cells. Chemotherapy experiments using rapidly growing transplanted tumors in mice have established the validity of the fractional cell kill hypothesis, which states that a given drug concentration applied for a defined time period will kill a constant fraction of the cell population, independent of the absolute number of cells. Regrowth of tumor occurs during the drug-free interval between cycles. Thus, each treatment cycle kills a specific fraction of the remaining cells. The results of treatment are a direct function of (a) the dose of drug administered and (b) the number and frequency of repetitions of treatment

17. Kinetic Basis of Chemotherapy Most current chemotherapy regimens are based on cytokinetic considerations and use cycles of intensive therapy repeated as frequently as allowed by the tolerance of dose-limiting tissues, such as bone marrow or gastrointestinal tract. The object of these cycles is to reduce the absolute number of remaining tumor cells to zero (or less than one) through the multiplicative effect of successive fractional cell kills. (For example, given 99% cell kill per cycle, a tumor burden of 1011 cells will be reduced to less than one cell with six cycles of treatment: [10 11 cells] × [0.01]6 <1.)

21. Rationale for Combination Chemotherapy Drugs effective as single agent against the particular tumor being targeted should be selected. Drugs with different mechanism of action should combined. Drugs with different mechanism of resistance should be combined. Drugs with different dose-limiting toxicities should be combined. Rational for the use of combination chemotherapy 1-Synergistic cytotoxcicity 2-Independent cell kill 3-Decrease resistance