1. Presidencies of Ford, Carter, & Reagan

2. Ford Tries to Reunite the Nation *Unelected President *Pardoned President Nixon *“Whip Inflation Now” Program Cambodian Communists seized an unarmed U.S. cargo ship, the Mayaguez, in 1975. Ford called the action piracy and sent U.S. Marines to free the vessel and its crew. Gerald R. Ford

3. Whip Inflation Now –Ford’s campaign to stop inflation in the U.S. –Unsuccessful –Ridiculed by public –Supporters wore a WIN pin Some people wore the pin upside down Spelled NIM –Need Immediate Money…

4. Did You Know? Gerald Ford played football at the University of Michigan from 1932-1934.

5. Jimmy Carter 1976-1980 Domestic Issues *Energy Crisis *Worsening Inflation *Nuclear Power *Civil Rights

6. Historical Spotlight The Trans-Atlantic Pipeline, stretching across hundreds of miles of tundra, was completed in 1977.

7. Science and Technology On March 28, 1979, Three Mile Island, near Harrisburg, PA, was the sight of a nuclear accident. The partial melt- down of the reactor core caused wide- spread concern about nuclear power throughout the American public.

8. Carter and Foreign Affairs In 1977, the U.S. agreed to turn over control of the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999.

9. Panama Canal Built by the U.S. after the French failed Opened in 1914 Deaths: France-21,900 U.S.-5,600 –Malaria and Yellow Fever From New York to San Francisco the trip shortened from 14,000 to 5,900 miles Returned to Panama under the Torrijos- Carter Treaties as long as the canal stays neutral

11. In 1978, Carter brokered an historic peace agreement between Israel and Egypt known as the Camp David Accords. In 1979, Iranian rebels led by the Ayatollah Khomeini seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 American hostages for 444 days. (Iran Hostage Crisis)

12. Camp David Peace Accords Framework for Peace in the Middle East Framework for peace between Egypt and Israel –Arab countries recognize Israel –U.S. will give economic and military aid to Egypt and Israel –Israel will give the Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt

13. Begin, Carter, & Sadat

17. Iran Hostage Crisis Iran was allied with Nazi Germany during WW2 –Allies overthrow government and install the Shah After the war there is a power struggle in Iran There are democratic elections and the Shah loses

18. In 1953 the U.S. returns to Iran and puts the Shah back in power –Overthrow a democratic gov’t and replace with a dictator This angered many Iranians that did not support the Shah When Carter is elected President in his speech he praises the Shah –More anger from Iranians The Shah falls ill with heart trouble and is flown to U.S. for treatment While in the U.S. Ayatollah Khomeini leads a revolution in Iran and becomes leader

19. Ayatollah Khomeini

20. Muslim students plan on taking Americans hostage in response to U.S. policy 300-500 students from the university capture and retain 65 hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran 52 of the hostages are held for 444 days Leads to Anti-Iranian sentiment in U.S.

21. Anti-Iranian Protests

22. Rescue Attempt Called Operation Eagle Claw Failed attempt to rescue hostages Involved 8 helicopters and C-130 gunships Helicopters had mechanical difficulties Would not be able to collect all the hostages Huge Sandstorm as well Operation aborted

23. Release 20 minutes after Reagan is sworn in as President the hostages are released Less than a year later the Iran-Iraq War started U.S. will sell weapons to Iraq and help them turn the tide of the war Still bad relations between Iran and U.S.

24. U.S. Embassy in Tehran 2004

25. Historical Spotlight In 1979, Soviet troops invaded the country of Afghanistan. When they refused to withdraw, Carter cut grain sales to the Soviet Union and announced a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

26. Ronald Reagan The Rise of the Modern Conservative Movement

27. Map 30.4 Presidential Election of 1980 (p. 903)

28. Supply-Side Economics a.k.a “Reaganomics” Cut taxes to put more money into the hands of businesses Cut taxes on the wealthiest Americans Lower taxes = more investment in the “supply side” of the economy Would: –promote and create new jobs –encourage capital investment, and –lead to stimulated industrial growth

29. Reagan believed in a tough approach toward the Soviet Union (the “EVIL EMPIRE”) –Very costly MILITARY BUILDUP –STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE  proposed creation of massive satellite shield in space (nicknamed “Star Wars”)

30. Reagan INCREASED U.S. military and economic PRESSURE on the Soviet Union CHALLENGED moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union  example: SPEECH AT BERLIN WALL Despite fierce anti-Communist attitude, Reagan developed CLOSE FRIENDSHIP with Soviet leader Mikhail GORBACHEV

31. Gorbachev’s policies –To reform ailing Soviet system, Gorbachev instituted GLASNOST and PERESTROIKA –Glasnost: means “POLITICAL OPENESS” (freedom of speech) –Perestroika: means “RESTRUCTURING”, an economic policy to allow LIMITED free enterprise (capitalism)

32. END OF THE SOVIET UNION: REASONS FOR COLLAPSE INCREASING Soviet military EXPENSES to compete with the United States Economic Inefficiency

33. Fall of Berlin Wall, Soviet Union Dissolves NOVEMBER 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes down

35. Mikhail GORBACHEV RESIGNED the presidency of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991 and the Soviet Union was DISSOLVED by the next week Soviet Union was REPLACED by a LOOSE ALLIANCE of former Soviet republics called the COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

36. Reagan at Brandenburg Gate

37. Iran-Contra Affair

38. Plan An operation to free American Hostages being held by terrorist groups with Iranian ties. It was planned that Israel would ship weapons to Iran, and then the U.S. would resupply Israel and receive the Israeli payment. Being held by the Lebanese Shia Islamist group Hezbollah Hezbollah: militant group and political party in Lebanon (terrorist group).

39. Oliver North The plan deteriorated into an arms-for- hostages scheme Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North in 1985 mostly set up the plan where a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales were diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels, or Contras, in Nicaragua.

40. The Plan Exposed Lebanese newspaper reported that the U.S. sold arms to Iran through Israel in exchange for the release of hostages by Hezbollah.

41. Reagan President Ronald Reagan: was a supporter of the Contra cause no evidence has been found showing that he authorized the exchange of the money raised by the Iranian arms sales to the Contras.

42. Reagan: Economic Recession, and Recovery 1981-1982 Recession Inflation slowed, consumer spending increased Stock market grew Federal deficit grew even as domestic spending decreased National debt = $909 billion in 1980 --- $3.2 trillion in 1990