1. 1 CM 220 College Composition II UNIT 6 Seminar Professor Ian Clayton General Education, Composition Kaplan University

2. Unit 6 Learning Activities Reading: –Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, ch. 6 (pp. 37-44), ch. 14 (pp. 169-180) –WC handout on integrating quotations effectively Invention Lab: Strategies for defeating writer’s block Seminar: Draft idea development and organization Project: First draft of big idea (3-5 pages with cohesive paragraphs, an introduction and conclusion, and at least 3 academic sources cited) Tech lab: Visual design, including Photoshop, InDesign, Scribus, and Prezi. 2

3. Unit 6 Draft Guidelines The “blueprint for progress” is your initial attempt to put together all the pieces of your research, pre-writing, and organizational techniques. While this draft will not be perfect, it should not be a rough draft. It should be a complete paper containing the main points of your project. 3

4. Specifically: Your Unit 6 draft should feature: a title page an introduction that describes the problem or issue and presents your thesis statement a body with clear, well-developed paragraphs a conclusion that summarizes your key points and your thesis a Refs page, in APA format, listing at least 3 sources The draft should be: well-researched well-organized 3-5 pages in length, excluding title and refs pages in APA manuscript format 4

5. Using Transitions Show relationship between ideas Demonstrate that thoughts are logical and progressive, rather than random and accidental Provide unity and coherence Provide smooth “flow” within and between paragraphs 5

6. Some Example Transitions To indicate time order To provide an example To indicate results In the pastFor exampleAs a result earlierFor instanceconsequently beforeTo illustrateBecause of currentlyspecificallySince precedingIn particulartherefore presentlynamelyFor this reason 6

7. A more complete list LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPTRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION Similarityalso, in the same way, just as... so too, likewise, similarly Exception/contrastbut, however, in spite of, on the one hand... on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet Sequence/orderfirst, second, third,... next, then, finally Timeafter, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then Examplefor example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate Emphasiseven, indeed, in fact, of course, truly Place/Positionabove, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there Cause and effectaccordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus Additional Support or Evidenceadditionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then Conclusion/Summaryfinally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary 7

8. What transitions would you use and where? 1. One of Mary Washington University’s best features is its small student population. The average class size is 25-30 students. Students have many opportunities to meet in one-on-one conferences with their professors. This gives each student the opportunity to discuss class assignments. 8

9. How about this? 1. One of Mary Washington University’s best features is its small student population. For instance, the average class size is 25-30 students. In addition, students have many opportunities to meet in one-on-one conferences with their professors. This gives each student the opportunity to discuss class assignments. 9

10. What transitions would you use and where? 2. Napoleon and his navy were no match for the British. In fact, Napoleon lost almost all of his sea battles. The French army was very strong and powerful. Under Napoleon’s orders, it conquered most of continental Europe. 10

11. How about this? 2. Napoleon and his navy were no match for the British. In fact, Napoleon lost almost all of his sea battles. However, the French army was very strong and powerful. Under Napoleon’s orders, it conquered most of continental Europe. 11

12. PARAGRAPH WORKSHOP Let’s evaluate the organization and content of a sample 5-paragraph essay. 12

13. Strong Paragraphs: Are focused Are unified and coherent Are clearly relevant to the thesis Are well developed Include a clear topic sentence, supporting sentences 13

14. Developing your Paragraphs Offer examples and illustrations Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and others) Examine testimony (what other people say such as quotes and paraphrases) Tell an anecdote or story Define terms in the paragraph Compare and contrast Evaluate causes and effects Analyze the topic Describe the topic Offer a chronology of an event 14

15. Is this paragraph well-developed? We should provide more financial support for 9/11 First Responders. Many are currently in poor health or dying from complications resulting from exposure to toxins at Ground Zero. It is unfair for them to suffer and die without adequate support from the government. What would YOU do to make this paragraph stronger? 15

16. Let’s look at a Sample Essay We’ll consider the following aspects of the following essay: –Introduction –Thesis statement –Topic sentences –Paragraph development –Paragraph order

17. 1. Since their beginning in 1896, the Olympic Games have been the gold standard of athletic prowess: Olympic competitors are the best in the world, and no trophy compares with an Olympic gold medal. Increasingly, however, the athletic competitions have been matched, if not overshadowed, by the fierce competitions between cities and nations vying to host the Games. So much money and prestige is at stake in the Olympics that the phenomenon has been given a name: the Olympic Effect. Principally an economic force capable of affecting the business climate of the host community for years before, during, and after the Games, the Olympic Effect can also exert a powerful influence on the environment and society of the host community. Qa: Does the intro set the stage? Is there a strong thesis? Is the thesis itemized, so that the reader knows what to expect in the following discussion?

18. 2. Preparations for the Games generally include vast investments not only in the stadiums, tracks, and other sports venues for the Games themselves, but also in local highways, hotels, and airports. Thousands of jobs are created and billions of dollars are spent: Australia spent $2.1 billion for the Sydney Games in 2000, and Greece at least $11 billion only four years later. Long-term effects are generally positive, as the Games tend to improve the international image of the host city; tourism experiences the greatest benefit, though few thorough studies have quantified this effect. On the other hand, during the event, the region hosting the Games may actually experience a drop in tourism and retail income, as people try to avoid the crowds, traffic, and price hikes they expect to find in the host city. Some Utah ski resort operators experienced a twenty to thirty percent drop in visitors during the Salt Lake City Games. Qb: Is the topic sentence general enough to include all material discussed in the paragraph? If not, what should a better topic sentence say about the paragraph?

19. 2. Preparations for the Games generally include vast investments not only in the stadiums, tracks, and other sports venues for the Games themselves, but also in local highways, hotels, and airports. Thousands of jobs are created and billions of dollars are spent: Australia spent $2.1 billion for the Sydney Games in 2000, and Greece at least $11 billion only four years later. Long-term effects are generally positive, as the Games tend to improve the international image of the host city; tourism experiences the greatest benefit, though few thorough studies have quantified this effect. On the other hand, during the event, the region hosting the Games may actually experience a drop in tourism and retail income, as people try to avoid the crowds, traffic, and price hikes they expect to find in the host city. Some Utah ski resort operators experienced a twenty to thirty percent drop in visitors during the Salt Lake City Games. Qc: Why has the writer included the stat in the final sentence? (Statistics and facts should always have a clear purpose; otherwise, they're distractions or just pure filler.)

20. 3. Social aspects of the Olympic Effect are varied, and include an improved global perception of the host city and a growth in civic pride. There is also sharp growth in public interest in those sports highlighted during a recent Games. In the United States, this can best be seen in the ice sports. The figure-skating drama between Nancy Kerrigan and Tanya Harding in 1994 played a part in piquing this interest, and so did the gold medal of Tara Lipinski in 1998; American successes in speed skating and hockey can be added. The result has been a fifty-percent increase in the number of ice arenas in the United States in the last fifteen years. Dallas, Texas built eight between 2000 and 2002 alone. Related sports such as speed skating, hockey, and even curling have seen a tremendous growth in interest — even Southern cities like Tampa Bay, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia now have hockey teams. Qd: Does the discussion in Paragraph 3 follow well from the topic sentence? Or is the actual discussion much narrower?

21. 4. The environmental repercussions of the Olympic Effect are also mixed. On the one hand, since the Sydney Games (the "Green Games"), participating communities have had active recycling programs, emphasized renewable energy sources, and built or extended mass transit systems, like Salt Lake City's 21-kilometer TRAX light rail system. Some, like Sydney and Beijing (2008) have made notable efforts to clean up their municipal environments. Sydney actually built most of its Olympic venue over a reclaimed toxic waste dump that had once blighted the city. To clear its polluted air, Beijing has converted much of its energy production from coal to natural gas, and implemented new smokestack and vehicle emissions guidelines. Medical researchers estimate that the benefit to Beijing residents' health will amount to many billions of dollars over the coming decades. On the other hand, the Games themselves result in great consumption of fossil fuels and strain on waste-disposal systems. The Winter Games in particular are often accompanied by accelerated human development of important wildlife habitat. Qe: Does the discussion so far match the forecasting made by the itemized thesis statement? (Here it is again: “ Principally an economic force capable of affecting the business climate of the host community for years before, during, and after the Games, the Olympic Effect can also exert a powerful influence on the environment and society of the host community. ” )

22. 5. When the Olympic Games were first held in 1896, they were conceived as a celebration of the human body, and of the human spirit. This has not changed. But now the Games are something more: they profoundly shape the lives of people who never set foot inside the arenas themselves. They are the paramount international pageant, turning the spotlight on cities, nations, and people, prompting them to find the best in themselves and hold it up for all to see. That is the true Olympic effect. Qf. What do you think of this conclusion? Does it do what you normally expect a conclusion to do: summarize the main points of the essay or rephrase the thesis statement? Or does this example do something else? Is this strategy effective?

23. More help with Paragraphs For a helpful Writing Center workshop on this topic, review: http://khe2.acrobat.com/p75782349/?launcher=f alse&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal 23