1. URBAN GEOGRAPHY Chapter 9

2. When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities? City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs) Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world

3. Urban Population

4. Origins of Urbanization Agricultural villages –Began about 10,000 years ago – Relatively small, egalitarian villages, where most of the population was involved in agriculture The first urban revolution: Enabling components 1.An agricultural surplus 2.Social stratification (leadership class)

5. Hearths of Urbanization

6. Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE Mesoamerica, 200 BCE

7. Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro Intricately planned Houses equal in size No palaces No monuments Indus River Valley

8. Huang He and Wei River Valleys Purposefully planned cities Centered on a north-south axis Inner wall built around center Temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

9. Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings

10. Diffusion of Urbanization Greek cities (by 500 BCE) –Greeks highly urbanized – Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands – Acropolis (buildings on a height of land) and an agora (open public space) in each city Roman cities – A system of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes – Sites of Roman cities typically for trade – Forum a combination of the acropolis and agora into one space – Extreme wealth and extreme poverty

11. Roman Empire

12. Urban Growth after Greece and Rome Europe –Middle Ages (500–1300) –Little urban growth, even decline Asia –Centers along the Silk Road –Urban growth in Korea, Japan West Africa The Americas

13. Cities in the Age of Exploration Early Eurasian centers –Crescent-shaped zone from England to Japan –Most cities sited in continental interiors Maritime exploration –Change in situation to favor coastal locations –Continued importance under colonialism –Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe –European model for cities in colonies

14. The Second Urban Revolution A large-scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing, made possible by 1. Second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2.Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources Favored places – Had undergone the second agricultural revolution – Possessed industrial resources – Possessed capital from mercantilism and colonialism

15. Industrialization in Europe

16. Where Are Cities Located, and Why? Site Absolutely located Static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion Situation Relative location A city’s place in the region and the world around it Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant

17. Trade Areas

18. Rank-Size Rule Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy The population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy For example: largest city = 12 million 2 nd largest = 6 million 3 rd largest = 4 million 4 th largest = 3 million Primate city: The leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities

19. Central Place Theory Book: The Central Place in Southern Germany 1933—Walter Christaller Calculated the ideal central place system Compared his model to real world situations Tried to explain variations and exceptions

20. Central Place Theory Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed Assumes that – Surface is flat with no physical barriers – Soil fertility is the same everywhere – Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed – Region has uniform transportation network – From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

21. Central Place Theory In the urban hierarchy, central places would be nested so the largest central place provides the greatest number of functions and services. Within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of larger towns would provide functions to several smaller places. The smaller places would provide fewer central functions to a smaller-yet service area.

22. Central Place Theory Postulated: A person would not travel 11 miles to one place to buy an item if it were possible to buy the same item 9 miles away. Each CP has a surrounding complimentary region, and an exclusive trade zone/monopoly on the sale of certain goods & services.

23. Hexagonal Hinterlands C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet

24. Central Place Today Sun Belt Phenomenon: Movement of millions of Americans from N & NE states to S & SW states Deliberate governmental economic and social policies that favor Sun Belt cities through federal spending on military, space, research. Cheaper land, labor, taxes attracts retirees on fixed incomes and businesses. Atlanta, Dallas, Phoenix Charlotte, Tampa, San Antonio,Tuscon

25. How Are Cities Organized, and How Do They Function? Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes) Suburbanization: the process by which lands that were previously outside the urban environment become urbanized

26. Zones of the City Zones –Central business district (CBD) –Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) –Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city) Modeling the North American city –Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) –Sector model (Homer Hoyt) –Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

27. Classical Models of Urban Structure

28. Concentric Zone Model Created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess Shows the city as growing outward in concentric rings. Ring size may vary—same order is evident CBD/Zone of Transition (industry and slums)/working class zone/middle-class family zone/commuter zone. Model explains that wealth is what designs the city As one moves out from the CBD, the residencies in each zone are progressively nicer, and the people are progressively richer

29. Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1939—essentially a modification of the concentric Zone Model Rather than rings, this model uses sectors that lead out from the CBD generally in a radial pattern, with transportation and industry sector running alongside the CBD. Wealth increases as one moves out from the CBD Shows the clustering of ethnicities in certain sectors

30. Multiple Nuclei Model C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman 1945 The pattern of UD is that there is no pattern of UD A city is a complex structure that incluse more than one center around which activities revolve. Conclusions: No model is truly better than another All three could fit a particular city The models help us to understand where people with different social characteristics tend to live in an urban area

31. Edge Cities Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including Office complexes Shopping centers Hotels Restaurants Entertainment facilities Sports complexes

32. Urban Realms Model Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework

33. Cities of the Periphery and Semi- Periphery: Latin America Griffin-Ford model Blend of Latin American traditions with globalization Disamenity sectors –Not connected to city services –May be controlled by gangs and drug lords Industrial park Gentrification area

34. Cities of the Periphery and Semi- Periphery: Subsaharan Africa De Blij model Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates European colonial imprint

35. Cities of the Periphery and Semi- Periphery: Southeast Asia McGee model Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal point

36. How Do People Make Cities? Role of powerful social and cultural forces Periphery and semi-periphery –Sharp contrast between rich and poor –Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws Luanda, AngolaTokyo, Japan

37. Making Cities in the Global Core Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”

38. Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood Commercialization: City government transforming a central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot Making Cities in the Global Core

39. Urban Sprawl Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

40. New Urbanism Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs Concerns –Privatization of public spaces –Failure to address conditions that create social ills of cities –Countering urban sprawl

41. Gated Communities Neighborhoods with controlled gate (access) for people and vehicles Private security Rapid diffusion to Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America Security for wealthy in poor countries Use for low-income communities in core countries

42. Ethnic Neighborhoods European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery

43. What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization? Function of world cities beyond state boundaries World cities as nodes in globalization Primate cities with concentration of development, interconnectedness Primate cities in former colonies

44. World Cities