1. Ecosystems and Communities Ch 4 Essential Standard: 2.1.3

2. Objectives SWBAT define evology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment SWBAT identifty ecological levels of organization SWBAT describe the properties of a population and interpret population curves SWBAT identify the carrying capacity of an environment SWBAT compare and contrast exponential and logistic population growth. WBAT compare and contrast habitat and a niche SWBAT define a limiting factor and provide examples WBAT define the competitive exclusion principle and compare/contrast interspecifc and intraspecific competition SWBAT define and provide examples of 3 forms of symbiosis: mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism SWBAT create and interpret food chains and webs SWBAT describe flow of matter and energy in an ecosystem SWBAT interpret the pyramids of energy and matter SWBAT define and describe the laws of conservation of matter and energy SWBAT describe the process of succession and provide examples of primary and secondary sucession as a climax community SWBAT describe the various cycles in nature SWBAT describe terrestrial and aquatic biomes SWBAT explain natural systems such as climate change, ozone production, erosion, deposition

3. Climate and Weather Weather day to day conditions in the atmosphere (place/time) Climate is the average year-to-year conditions of temp and precipitation in a region Greenhouse Effect = carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases trap heat and maintain the Earth’s temp range; heat being retained is the greenhouse effect

4. Greenhouse Effect

5. Latitude and Climate Differences in latitude and the angle of heating, Earth has three different climate zones –Tropical –Temperate –Polar

6. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factors = the biological influences on an organism; includes ALL living members of an ecosystem Abiotic factors = physical or nonliving influences on an organism Together determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem

7. NICHE OBJ compare and contrast habitat and a niche

8. The niche The full range of physical and biological conditions of where an organism lives and the way the organism uses those conditions Habitat= address, niche= occupation

9. The Niche

10. COMPETITION OBJ define the competitive exclusion principle

11. Community Interactions Can powerfully affect an ecosystem Includes competition, predation, and symbiosis

12. Competition Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time Competitive exclusion principle = no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

13. Competition

14. Predation Where one organism captures and feeds on another organism Killing and eating = predator The food organism = prey

15. SYMBIOSIS OBJ define and provide examples of 3 forms of symbiosis: mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism

16. Symbiosis Any relationship where two organisms live together closely Includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism http://sp.uconn.edu/~terry/229sp03/lectures/symbioses.ht ml

17. Mutualism Both species benefit from the relationship Example: flowers and insects http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9f. html http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ExamplesOfMutualis m.htm

18. Commensalism One member of the association benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed Example: barnacles on whales http://liebhard.eu/ http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgfarallones/living/living_4.html

19. Parasitism One organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it The parasite uses the nutrients from the host organism to get nourishment Usually the parasite will weaken the host (the host is larger than the parasite) Example: Tapeworms

20. Parasitism http://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/fle a.htm

21. SUCCESSION OBJ describe the process of succession and provide examples of primary and secondary succession as a climax community (terrestrial and aquatic biomes)

22. Ecological Succession Ecosystems constantly change (natural, human disturbances) –older organisms die out; new organisms move in Ecological Succession = The series of changes in a community over time

23. Ecological Succession

25. Primary Succession Land where succession occurs when there is no soil Example: volcanic eruption areas where new growth begins Pioneer species: the first species to populate an area; usually lichens (fungus and alga) –break apart rocks (soil making)

26. Primary Succession and Pioneer Species http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/interesting/lichens/habitat.shtml http://www.ask.com/wiki/Lichens

27. Secondary Succession When some sort of disturbance changes the existing community, but does not remove the soil Example: land cleared and plowed for farming, but is abandoned; forests after fires

28. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Large whale dies /sinks to the deep of the ocean floor – this attracts scavengers and decomposers 1 year- tissue eaten, smaller organisms supported, decomposition enriches soil Skeleton- bacteria decompose oils in bones, chemical compounds feed other organisms

29. Marine Succession