1. Criminology B Unit 3 Areas of Law Enforcement Federal, State and Local Agencies

2. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Federal jurisdiction, history of branches and sharing responsibilities with local agencies

3. Federal Law Enforcement Background  Federal government maintains more than ___ organizations that are involved in law enforcement  Approximately __________ field agents  __________________________________ ___  Drugs, weapons, immigration, technology, taxes, etc.  Overlap of power between agencies and federal Departments  Early role of law enforcement largely left to ___________ agencies  ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________

4. Shift in Role of Federal Enforcement  President __________________________  Marks the origins of federal crime-control policy  Previously much had been left to state and local governments  1929: Hoover creates Commission of Law Observance and Enforcement  Former U.S. Attorney General George Wickersham leads hearings  Develops policy initiatives in all areas of CJS  First to give formal policy attention to federal prisons and prisoners

5. Reasons for Shift in Control  3 Main Reasons  __________________________________________ _____  __________________________________________ _____________________________________  Election of 1928 based on commitment to reform  Other reasons: well known cases, rise of organized crime, visibility of gang warfare, and stress of Great Depression  Popular belief was that crime had increased and governments at all levels had become less able to control its growth

6. Two Main Areas of Federal Enforcement  __________________________________ ___  Previously largest department  Marshals service, FBI, DEA, ATF, Bureau of Prisons  Law enforcement at federal level  __________________________________ ___  Established in _____ to consolidate responsibilities into central area  ________________________________________ _  Secret Service, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protections, U.S. Coast Guard, TSA

7. _________________________ ___  Origins go back to late 1800’s and investigations ordered by Attorney General for Department of Justice protecting against whites in slavery (prostitution)-- Mann Act  Formalized into organization as Bureau of Investigation in 1908  Throughout 1930’s reorganized by ______________________  Appointed Director in 1924  Officially established as FBI in 1935  Remained director until his death in 1972  _____________________________________________ _____  Counterterrorism, civil rights, murder of federal officers, burglary of federally insured banks, organized crime, white-collar crime  Gathering of crime statistics (______ and _________)

8. ____________________________ ___  Early agencies combined together into DEA in 1973  Assist local and state authorities in investigations  ______________________________________ _____  Approximately ______ special agents and $__ billion annual budget  The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets.

9. _________________________ ___  ______________________________________ _____  Established with Judiciary Act of 1789  Formalized as agency in 1969  Law enforcement for the ___________  Handle federal prisons, fugitive capture, carry out warrants, provide protection in federal cases, witness protection  __________________________: Cuban refugee in 2000  __________________: University of __________ breaking of segregation in 1962

10. _________________________ ___  Reduce criminal use of elements, collect taxes on each and enforce laws  Responsibilities fall under both Department of _________ and ______________  Officially established in 1972 but has origins back to earliest times of country  _____________________________: 1794  _______________________________ in 1993  Warrant executed by ATF officers  50 days later ends in compound burning to ground during second raid leaving 76 dead  ____________________________

11. _________________________ ___  Following ______________, undergoes significant reform  Responsible for over ______ ports of entry into U.S.  Initially established as first area for __________________  Early on did not have law enforcement power  Customs and Border Protection becomes part of Department of ______________________ in 2003 combining with agencies including Department of Agriculture and U.S. Immigration and Naturalization  Drug trafficking, copyright and trademark violation, hazardous substances  Works with immigration for human trafficking and illegal immigration and documentation

12. Areas of Law Enforcement State, County and Municipal Agencies: History, responsibilities and structure

13. State Police Agencies History  _______________________ was first state police body  History back to time of Republic of Texas  ___________________________ along border with Mexico  Other states developed their forces over a period of time and transition  1905: ________________ establishes state agency with superintendent having executive powers and only controlled by Governor  Massachusetts goes from group established in 1865 to District Police in 1879 before finally being designated in 1920 as Massachusetts State Police  Prior to state agencies, law enforcement left to _________________  Elected position that created political and local influence  As crime spread because of transportation and communication, more difficult to investigate and enforce laws at the County level  Law enforcement over a wider geographic area with organization, administration, resources and training with centralized state agencies

14. County Law Enforcement  Most enforcement across the country is handled by ________________________________________ ____  Sheriff serves as chief law enforcement agent for county  Countywide jurisdiction  Work with city law enforcement to determine jurisdiction within city borders  Sheriff is _______________________ in Minnesota  Dakota County Sheriff: Dave Bellows  Primary responsibilities  _________________________________________ _____(especially in unincorporated land)  Maintains _________________ and receives __________ who are at various stages in legal proceedings  ___________________________________

15. Local/City Police Agencies  ____________ establishes first formal U.S. police department in 1838  Began shifting power from county level authority  Growth and urbanization created need for local police agency  Also took on other responsibilities like public health  ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ________  ____________________________________ ____

16. Minnesota Peace Officers  Term used for individuals with law enforcement responsibilities  City Police, State Police, DNR, BCA, Airports Commission, etc.  First step toward regulating the practice of law enforcement came in 1967 when the Minnesota Peace Officer Training Board (MPOTB) was created by the legislature.  In 1977, the Minnesota legislature debated the role of law enforcement in society and then passed several amendments to the original MPOTB legislation. These amendments abolished the MPOTB and replaced it with the Minnesota Board of _______________________________________________ (POST).  _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________  Examples of responsibilities  Administer a professional licensing program, which includes examination development and administration, licensure, and re- licensure.  Develop, coordinate, and approve continuing education programs for peace officers and part-time peace officers.

17. Areas of Law Enforcement in MN  County Sheriff: ___ positions  Municipal Police Departments: ______  Specialty Law Enforcement Agency: ___  Examples: ________________________________  State Agency: ___  Examples: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________  ________ full-time and part-time Peace Officers

18. __________________________ ____  Established by state in 1927 to assist peace officers statewide in solving crimes and apprehending criminals  Establishment of crime statistics gathering at state level in 1935  Crime lab operational in 1947  One of first DNA labs in country set up in 1990  Main facility in St. Paul with field office in Bemidji  _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________  _______________________________________ _______________________________

19. Forensic Science Tools: Blood evidence, Shoe evidence, Profiling and DNA

20. _________________________ ___  Idea generated in legal system today in response to ideas presented through the media  Belief that all cases are solved like a CSI episode  Use of evidence and timeline expected for investigation  Jurors perspective versus reality  Need to train and teach what is possible

21. _________________________ __  Use of medical examiner or coroner in determining _____________________________________________ _____  Term comes from pathos meaning suffering or disease and logos meaning word or writing  _____________________________________________ !!!!!  Government agent charged with responsibility from death investigations  Classification of Traumatic Deaths  ____________________ Trauma: sharp and blunt categories  Sharp with be like with knives or axes  Blunt trauma divided into firearm and non-firearm; also trauma to brain, motor vehicle accidents and strangulation  ____________________ Trauma:  Exposure to excessive heat or cold  ____________________ Trauma:  Alcohol, drugs, poisons, etc.  ____________________ Trauma

22. Blood Stain Patterns  _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ __________  May assist in apprehending a suspect, witness’s statement, interrogating, reconstructing and exonerating an accused  Exposed blood has an invisible outer skin referred to as its ________________________________  In order to create smaller blood droplets or spatter, this surface tension must be disturbed in some manner  No matter how far a drop of blood falls, it will not break unless something disrupts it  _____________________________ surface like glass or smooth tile will create little if any spatter  A ________________________ like wood will create significant spatter  Rougher surfaces rupture the surface tension of blood

23. Blood Spatters  _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ __________  Study edge characteristics of stains  ___________________________________________________ ______  Area of origin refers to _______________________________  Area of impact looks at patterns based upon circular for drop at angle of 90 degrees or more elliptical bloodstains for less than 90 degrees  Common sense and quality observations will often resolve question of where someone was when injuries were inflicted

24. Velocity Rate  Basic classification system of spatter patterns, which is based upon the velocity of the object causing the impact upon the blood source and the size of the resulting blood pattern or spatter evidence.  _____Velocity – caused by an impact to the blood source at a rate of 5 feet per second and is usually about 4 millimeters in diameter.  _______________ Velocity – impact to the blood source at a rate of 5-25 feet per second. Stains caused by this type of force are usually 1-3 millimeters in diameter, but may be larger or smaller.  ________ Velocity – impact to the blood source in excess of 100 feet per second and is usually less than 1 millimeter in diameter, although it can be larger or smaller.

25. Identifying Blood Evidence  ________________: chemiluminescent utilized as a ____________________________ for blood as well as a method of chemical enhancement of impressions of blood  Latent blood stains where attempts were made to clean  Not specific for blood so further tests are needed  Further chemical tests in labs needed for confirmation of blood evidence  Catalytic Color Tests, Benzidine, Phenolphthalein

26. Footwear Evidence  _________-dimensional vs. _____-dimensional prints  Identification of footprints and footwear  Location and participation in the crime  Shoe brand based upon _______ database  ___________________ uses four parameters— pattern, size, damage, and wear—to identify individual outsole impressions  ___________________________  __________________________________  ______________________________________ _____

27. Footwear Evidence

28. Identifying Patterns in Serial Criminals  The pattern of a criminal and their offenses is their ___________________ or _________  Crime scene assessment 1.Determine the physical, behavioral and demographic background of offender 2.Post-offense behavior and strategies for apprehension 3.Interviewing strategies 4.Signature behavior of offender 5.Where evidence is located

29. _________________________ ___  10 questions originally established by ____________ in 1896 to look at M.O. 1.Kind of property attacked (house, business, hotel, etc.) 2.Point of entry 3.Means or tools implemented 4.Kind of property taken 5.Time including relation to other events (church, meal hours) 6.Style criminal describes themselves as for entry 7.Disclosure or release of information to media 8.Crime committed alone or with others 9.Transportation to crime 10.Any unusual act in connection with crime

30. _________________________ ___  __________________________________ ___  M.O. refers to only those factors needed to commit crime  May be changed or altered over time  The _________________________________  ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ________  Identification of something rare with the first act that is duplicated

31. Criminal Profiling  ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __________  Identification of certain characteristics of an unknown, unidentified offender based on the way they committed a violent act and the interactions with the victims  Keys are crime scene investigation, investigative experience, offender and victim behaviors, forensic evidence and results from __________________________________________ _  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ____________  Divided into 4 areas including crimes of terrorism, crimes against adults, crimes against children and ViCAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program)

32. Components of Profiling  Impact of fantasies on crime  Do not create criminality but instead reinforce and deepen criminal thought  Requirements for Offender Profiling 1. ___________________________________________________ ______ 2. ___________________________________________________ ______ 3. ___________________________________________________ ______  Crime analysis allows for identifying motivation, criminal sophistication and relationship with victim  _____________________: “Was the victim’s lifestyle a contributing factor toward victimization?”  What is taken from the victim, why were they targeted, what may have drawn criminal to this person or people?

33. DNA’s First Prosecution Video  Timothy Wilson Spencer “Southside Strangler”  Investigation into death of Susan Tucker in Arlington, VA  Pieces of evidence at crime scene: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _____________________  David Vasquez had initially been convicted of the murder of Carolyn Hamm  What was learned from the original evidence submitted for examination? __________________________________________________________  Investigators began to look into similar cases involving serial rapist  The “Southside Strangler” was identified with Richmond, VA  Semen sample and blood type were identical with that of Susan Tucker’s case

34. DNA’s First Prosecution Video  In what year did Sir Alec Jeffreys first develop genetic identification? ____________  How long was the process of DNA typing in the late 1980’s? _____________  How many cases were being linked in this DNA investigation? ___  Why did investigators believe there was a break in the time between the different cases? They were incarcerated at the time  What type of evidence was found on Spencer’s jacket with search warrant? Glass was similar to that of broken window from Tucker home  What were the odds that the DNA was not that of Timothy Spencer’s? ____________________________________________  What was the sentence given to Timothy Spencer? ______________  As a result of the Spencer conviction, what happened to Vasquez? ___________________________________