2. Criminology A Unit 4 1.Mass Murder in America 2.Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior 3.Psychological Theories of Criminal Behavior 4.Insanity Defense

3. Mass Murder in the U.S.  In a single setting, multiple murders are committed  At least __ murders needed to reach definition of mass murder  Spree Killer: _______________ murders through multiple locations  Typically involves motivation based on revenge or an ideology of some kind (political)  Between 1976 and 2010 in the United States, 645 mass murder events with 2,949 victims  Common traits with many mass murderers in study  ____________________________________  ___% warned someone overtly they were going to do it  ___% had recently experienced what they considered a significant loss  ___% planned attack in advance  _________________________________________

4. Further Statistics  CNN report with Mother Jones magazine statistics  Numbers compiled since 1982  ___% of shootings carried out by white men  ___% African-American males  ___% Asian-American males  Others make up remaining percentages  Only __ women were included in the study with over ___% of cases being males  Minnesota Department of Corrections study  In Minnesota from 1915-2013, cases of mass public shootings totaled ____ cases  ___ of those or ___% involve individuals diagnosed with a ____________________________________________ __

5. Recent Examples of Mass Murder  Columbine High School  Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold  12 students and 1 teacher killed  Both commit suicide  Depression, anger and fame  Virginia Tech University  Seung-Hui Cho  32 killed through attack in 2 buildings  Commits suicide  Criticism towards “rich kids” and college behavior  Tucson, AZ  Jared Loughner  Shooting at gathering for U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords  6 killed and 14 injured including Giffords  Ruled incompetent originally  August 7, 2012 pleads guilty to all charges  Aurora, CO The Dark Knight shooting  James Holmes  The Joker  12 killed and 58 injured

6. Foundation of Sociological Theories  Focus falls in the areas of ___________________, __________________and positions in _________ to explain criminal behavior  _________ dynamics and ________ organization and the relationships that influence our behaviors  The ______________________ leads to the prevalence of criminal behavior  Many different philosophies have emerged over time from this area to answer the question of why people commit crimes

7. Social Structure Theories  Explain crime by reference to the institutional structure of society  All of the different theories have one common belief: ________________________ as a significant cause of crime  Poverty  Education  Absence of skills  Subcultural values characteristic of crime

8. Social Ecology  How the structure of society and the people in it adapt to the quality of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups  Develops the idea of _______________________: traditions of delinquency are transmitted through successive generations in the same way that language, roles, and attitudes are learned  Modern rebirth in Criminology of Place or Environmental Criminology

9. Criminology of Place  Neighborhoods that are dense and poor will therefore be crowded  Where homes are more crowded, greater tendency to gather outside where there is a higher level of temptation to deviate  Where homes are more crowded, there will be lower levels of supervision  Reduced levels of supervision will result in lower academic performance with less conformity and increase in deviant behavior  Broken Window Thesis

10. Learning Theory  Says that all behavior is learned, including criminal behavior  ________________________________ ________________________________ ______  Learned behavior  __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ ________________  Proportions in relationships

11. Strain Theories  ________________________________ ________________________________ ______  When individuals fail to reach goal, how they respond is what brings about deviant behavior  Strain exists between ______________ and ________________________________  Respond in one of five ways  Leads to more recent Deprivation theories

12. Social Control Theory  The extent of a person’s integration with positive social institutions and with significant others that determines that person’s resistance to criminal temptations  Florida State University study  __________________________________ __  Feelings of rejection connected with violent aggression  Video sample  __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ ____________

13. Labeling Theory  ________________________________ ________________________________ ______  Becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy  Question of when does a person become labeled?  All people are deviant at one time or another  ___________________ Deviance  Those acts that go undetected or raise little concern  Avoid label of deviant  ___________________ Deviance  Repeat or more serious offenses

14. Social Conflict Theories  Belief that crime is a result of conflict within society  Conflict is a natural part of society as some maintain power over others  Wealth, power, education, etc.  Laws and enforcement of criminal laws are controlled by those in power so therefore they maintain power  Those who are identified as criminal are not necessarily more deviant than those in control; their acts are just the ones being targeted

15. Sociology Theories 1. Social Structure 2. Social Ecology 3. Learning 4. Strain 5. Social Control 6. Labeling 7. Social Conflict a. Differential Association- Edwin Sutherland b. Connection to community c. Primary and Secondary deviance d. Socioeconomic status e. Power and authority enforcing laws f. Unattainable goals and response g. Cultural Transmission

16. Foundation of Psychological Theories  ________________ is the primary unit of analysis  _____________ is the major motivational element  Crimes are the result of:  Abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality  Behavior generated through rewards and punishments  Inappropriate or improper conditioning  Emulation of role models  Adjustments to inner conflicts  Diseases of the mind

17. Personality Types and Crime  Hans J. Eysenck: 1964 British psychiatrist  Crime and Personality  Three personality dimensions liked to criminality  _________________________  Linked to criminality at all levels  Lack of empathy, creativeness, tough-mindedness, and anti-sociable  Hallucinations and delusions possibly as well  Most likely to be criminal  _________________________  Outgoing, strong-willed and sociable  Carefree, dominant, and venturesome  Operating with high levels of energy  _____________________  People who tend to be irrational, shy, moody, and emotional  Obsessive and anxious

18. Conditioning  Concept first proposed by ______________  One of the earliest psychological theories  ________________________________ ________________________________ ______  Responses can be learned based upon outside stimulus  Can be viewed to both _____________ and __________________ criminal behavior

19. Behavior Theory  ____________________  Individual behavior which is ___________ will _____________ in frequency, while that which is ____________ will ____________  Positive rewards, negative rewards, positive punishments, and negative punishments  Schedule of rewards and punishments creates behavior through past experiences

20. Modeling Theory  ___________________  Psychological theory that says people _____ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _________  Learn from what you see  Patterns of abuse  Impact of the media and violent first-person games

21. Psychoanalytic Perspective  ______________________  Product of inadequacies inherent in the offender’s personality  Unresolved conflicts within us  Personality made up of Id, Ego, and Superego  ___ is the ______________________ to an individual looking for pleasure  Ego is the reality principle  Superego is like a moral guide to right and wrong

22. Psychopathic and Sociopathic Behaviors  Taken from mind and disease (Psychopath)  Society and disease (Sociopath)  Now officially Antisocial Behavior  Individuals who are basically unsocialized and whose behavior pattern brings them repeatedly into conflicts with society

23. Characteristics and Warning Signs 1.Lack of conscience 2.Know right from wrong 3.No guilt or remorse 4.Extremely cruel 5.Thrill seekers 6.Low arousal levels to stimuli 1.Cruelty to animals 2.Fire setting 3.Bed wetting 4.Sleep walking 5.Juvenile delinquency

24. Psychological Disorders  Psychosis and Schizophrenics  Out of touch with reality in some fundamental way  Hallucinations, delusions, or other breaks with reality  May be caused by both abnormalities to the brain or having no physical cause at all  3 Characteristics 1. Distorted conception of reality 2. Mood swings inappropriate to circumstance 3. Marked inefficiency in getting along with others

25. Definition: “A defense asserted by the accused in a criminal prosecution to avoid liability for the commission of a crime because, at the time of the crime, the person did not appreciate the nature or quality or wrongfulness of the acts.” - West’s Encyclopedia of American Law

26. Understanding of the Legal term  _________________;___________________ ____  Defense to criminal prosecution which allows a person to avoid sanctions by being found “___________________________________ ____”  Proving the claim of insanity is left to the defense  Just as a person is assumed to be innocent at start of criminal trial, so is the same in regards to sanity

27. Insanity Comparison in Courts  Insanity differs from:  _________________ - institutionalized until they are determined capable to participate in the proceedings  Insanity views mental capabilities at time of offense  _______________________– mentally challenged persons or those whose IQ is less than 70 may be convicted and punished if they are found competent  Punishment only varies in that Mentally Challenged may not be executed

28. History of the Insanity Plea  _______________________________: 1843  Daniel M’Naughten kills Edward Drummond  Secretary to British Prime Minister Robert Peel  Believed they were after him and caused personal problems because of his mental disorganization  Individuals cannot be held responsible for their actions if at the time of the offense either: 1. ________________________________________ _____ 2. ________________________________________ _____  Still followed by many states today  One problem is the issue of knowing right and wrong

29. ________________________ __  ________________________________ ________________________________ ______  Employed in some states in connection with the M’Naughten Rule  Holds that a defendant is not guilty of criminal offense if the person, by virtue of his or her mental state, ___________________________  Kleptomania or Temporary Insanity  May not have previously diagnosed mental illness

30. Substantial-Capacity Test  ____________________________________ ____  Standard in Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute  Applied within 22 states today  Blends the M’Naughten Rule with that of Irresistible-Impulse  Insanity is said to be present when a person lacks the substantial mental capacity needed to understand the wrongfulness of his act, or to conform his behavior to the requirements of the law

31. ________________________ ___  Passed in 1984 by Congress following attempted assassination of ______________________  ________________ used the defense arguing schizophrenia  Infatuated and trying to impress actress Jodie Foster  “I am Romeo and she is Juliet.”  Acquitted of the criminal charges institutionalized with possibility of release  IDRA Changes  The _____________ must provide evidence to prove insanity  Defense is required to notify the prosecution if they plan to seek an insanity defense  Special verdict of not guilty by reason of Insanity  Ensures that a federal criminal defendant found NGRI will not be released onto the streets until deemed safe

32. ________________________ ___  Enacted by several states frustrated with abuse of defense (18 states)  Verdict means that a person can be held responsible for specific criminal act, even though a degree of mental incompetence may be present  Sentenced in same way as if found guilty  Legally guilty of crime but allows for mental health treatment  Takes into consideration “treatment” vs. “punishment”  Difference allows for difference of mental illness by medical standards and sanity for legal purposes